tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-67283077494339689062024-03-18T19:48:39.747-07:00Cmivec StudioCMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-63355526483458526292020-08-23T20:37:00.000-07:002020-08-23T20:37:02.014-07:00<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://img181.imageshack.us/img181/43/bannwj1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 469px; height: 59px;" src="http://img181.imageshack.us/img181/43/bannwj1.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><blockquote>Adakala Allah menguji kita dengan pelbagai dugaan, untuk menjadikan seseorang insan tersebut merasa apa erti merendah diri, dan sentiasa mengenangkan cinta dan keampunanNya yang akan kekal abadi, tidak seperti manusia.</blockquote>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-48012931037371828202012-08-07T23:41:00.000-07:002012-08-07T23:41:01.008-07:00DIARIKU :: JEJAKA PILIHAN MALAYA<div style="text-align: justify;"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center;" alt="" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger/7481/1590/320/129847/DSC_0061.jpg" border="0" />LANGKAWI 18 Dis - Hari ini penduduk Langkawi digemparkan dengan kedatangan 4 jejaka yg baru tiba untuk mempromosikan album terbaru mereka yg berjudul "Jejaka Malaya". Menurut pengurus mereka promosi ini akan dijalankan serentak sempena Tahun Baru 2007 sehingga penghujung bulan Febuari.</div>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-33128591876378113712011-03-14T10:30:00.000-07:002011-03-14T10:30:07.762-07:00Mobile : Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1 showcased on video, doesn't look all that inadequate to us<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiap7dUGQfvwXhhiTqZOKUFbCGutoAcT_VcWVIlSlwt_LDx-ers4FhpA1zXaTmWzleoRxnKdRH-zQYfLBqiOeZuQgOhj3pt1ZmblbKu4nlpk4VzogfBGh7RXksZEyM0eXwVLEE7Ys0Jp9Dc/s1600/11x0314n556hvbas101.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiap7dUGQfvwXhhiTqZOKUFbCGutoAcT_VcWVIlSlwt_LDx-ers4FhpA1zXaTmWzleoRxnKdRH-zQYfLBqiOeZuQgOhj3pt1ZmblbKu4nlpk4VzogfBGh7RXksZEyM0eXwVLEE7Ys0Jp9Dc/s320/11x0314n556hvbas101.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">We have no small amount of respect for Samsung for coming out and admitting that its Galaxy Tab 10.1 slate won't necessarily be the best thing since <a href="http://www.engadget.com/2011/03/02/the-ipad-2/">sliced Apples</a>, but we wouldn't go so far as to describe it as "<a href="http://www.engadget.com/2011/03/04/samsung-finds-parts-of-galaxy-tab-10-1-inadequate-compared-to/">inadequate</a>," which is what company VP Lee Don-Joo recently called it. It's a handsome, svelte and undeniably powerful device, a set of qualities that is in full show during <em>AndroidHD</em>'s 11-minute long video of a day spent in the company of a Tab 10.1. Now, this isn't a hands-on video so much as a commercial made by someone other than Samsung. You can tell Sammy didn't author it because nobody tries to fit <em>this</em> Galaxy Tab <a href="http://www.engadget.com/2010/09/20/samsung-galaxy-tab-feature-tour-reminds-of-just-how-pocketable-i/">inside a pocket</a>. Jump after the break for the ocular feast.</div>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-62414941487449362642011-03-14T10:19:00.000-07:002011-03-14T10:20:16.655-07:00Com : Android and Marvell to join forces in the Nixeus Fusion XS media streamer<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv8ZjSLcwkPEV6a_ALXrD1-Ig_LGcv8T9gbr4vXGAYj9K0YvBF16ZK-Px7kB7frOxYdmX_8sP7XKKQh-TJ3IYrCrxluisT_ASvFGdm6F7AxcL3kkL33ae3p_hjT4TvUyylCMGx0hTAzNyh/s1600/nixeus-2011-03-14-600.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv8ZjSLcwkPEV6a_ALXrD1-Ig_LGcv8T9gbr4vXGAYj9K0YvBF16ZK-Px7kB7frOxYdmX_8sP7XKKQh-TJ3IYrCrxluisT_ASvFGdm6F7AxcL3kkL33ae3p_hjT4TvUyylCMGx0hTAzNyh/s320/nixeus-2011-03-14-600.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.engadget.com/tag/android">Android</a>'s has already hit the set top box world with the <a href="http://www.engadget.com/tag/googletv">Google TV</a>, but that isn't <i>true</i> Android. This is, packing Android 2.2. Or, at least, it will be when it ships sometime toward the middle of the year. It's the Nixeus Fusion XS, a <a href="http://www.engadget.com/tag/marvell">Marvell</a> 88DE3010-powered media streamer with 2GB of flash memory and 512MB of RAM, and unfortunately a little processor fan that hopefully doesn't make too much noise. That's the same Armada processor that drives the <a href="http://www.engadget.com/2010/12/14/onlive-microconsole-torn-down-marvell-armada-found-lurking-with/">OnLive MicroConsole</a> and hopefully it'll give enough oomph for FroYo to serve up HD video content, including BD-ISO support and whatever else the little, ebony thing can pull down over USB or Ethernet, spitting it back over composite and optical audio output or on one string of HDMI. It's looking rather less powerful than the similarly Android-powered <a href="http://www.engadget.com/2011/03/08/androids-everywhere-xtreamer-pvr-to-serve-up-a-heaping-helping/">Xtreamer PVR</a>, but its anticipated cost of $170 should be a good bit lower. Oh, and we can't wait to see what the hackers do with it either. </div>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-47852025812972955972011-03-14T10:14:00.000-07:002011-03-14T10:20:45.865-07:00Com : Surprise! iPad 2 Jailbroken<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6AJuBwA5kIgK4kIVg4N2I3EXPWE7AyftuWLGp_v4RlpHZlGUDf-ulVJpQbjTPUTZxsstj6qxNdeidPJmSRtmfQBf1eWSwtiO2x5pMXAU0hhEqXhqZ7oiNGhedEx1ehB5s4TSVuA_ntyYn/s1600/apple-ipad-keyboard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6AJuBwA5kIgK4kIVg4N2I3EXPWE7AyftuWLGp_v4RlpHZlGUDf-ulVJpQbjTPUTZxsstj6qxNdeidPJmSRtmfQBf1eWSwtiO2x5pMXAU0hhEqXhqZ7oiNGhedEx1ehB5s4TSVuA_ntyYn/s320/apple-ipad-keyboard.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Actually, scratch that. Surprising no one, the iPad 2 <a href="http://www.redmondpie.com/jailbreak-ipad-2-ios-4.3-by-comex-confirmed/">was jailbroken this weekend</a>, and has thereby joined all the other jailbroken iOS devices ever put forth on this great green earth by Apple.<span id="more-443863"></span></div><div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The news arrived earlier this evening courtesy Comex, who says he would have had this done yesterday if not for a replacement exploit. You’re slipping dude!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">I kid. There’s no word on when this will be available to you, the iPad 2 user in need of jailbreaking, but I’m guessing it won’t be too long. In the meantime, you can <a href="http://img687.imageshack.us/i/9hz.mp4/">watch the video</a> and enjoy one less hour of sleep tomorrow morning. [<a href="http://www.redmondpie.com/jailbreak-ipad-2-ios-4.3-by-comex-confirmed/">Redmond Pie</a>]</div>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-90680974495539796942011-02-06T22:25:00.000-08:002011-03-08T06:32:01.583-08:00Bicara kata..Bila kata-kata tidak bermakna dan bila pandangan hati dicemari...<br /><br>hasrat nurani mula ditiupkan kata nista...<br /><br>namun Allah maha mendengar.. maha mengetahui dan maha adil dalam segala-galanya..<br /><br>lalu ku menyusuri qada' & qadar NYA....moga ada hikmah disebalik kejadian.... janji Allah itu pasti..<br /><br>--<br /><br>**Sent from my BlackBerry® smartphoneCMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-7482584161669102822011-01-29T20:13:00.000-08:002011-03-08T06:32:01.595-08:00Bicara hati..Rezeki..ada dimana-mana, datang tanpa diduga, tepat pada masa, yang penting usaha dan tawakal..insyallah..<br /><br><br /><br>--<br /><br>**Sent from my BlackBerry® smartphoneCMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-9611192745817900822009-12-22T23:02:00.000-08:002011-03-08T06:32:01.717-08:00Diari HidupKu: Defrag Ur Head..<br>" Defrag your mind to free up positive space. Crop your thoughts to cut out all the negative parts or views of negative thinking. Copy & Paste daily inspirations and motivations to help focus on the good in each situation in life. When you change your thoughts, you change your thinking. Uploading this inspiration is downloading positive thoughts into your memory bank of thinking. Think bigger, better and brighter thoughts!"<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRt7J6i1fGPaQ-2MlH6g-Iwqv310-SnuMn0lsSsPqHrA_a3sQYay3YvxZSThliXfssHuteS1Y6KFUNn2xT-9mevkCJR2E-ITe4AEn496cxpCCR8Qi8szLQ7FebpDchz4vU_nhpEaZ79H-z/s1600-h/Untitled-2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 93px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRt7J6i1fGPaQ-2MlH6g-Iwqv310-SnuMn0lsSsPqHrA_a3sQYay3YvxZSThliXfssHuteS1Y6KFUNn2xT-9mevkCJR2E-ITe4AEn496cxpCCR8Qi8szLQ7FebpDchz4vU_nhpEaZ79H-z/s400/Untitled-2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5418327597681448866" border="0" /></a>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-72401442306705985362008-11-11T20:39:00.000-08:002011-03-08T06:32:02.271-08:00<img style="width: 496px; height: 129px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR7FQZf6pabKFTcSuhyphenhyphensDlNvp7YBMCIjvscEOqhyphenhyphenDGlCLnz-XuzHUlF5wT9aLApqOfYIhXYzQ3CR4TPCoBIG5vhZHUOTfAeX8SsxzakhEsj1JryQv69PtAzloHmNlhSfdoCVBhne_JaaSJ/s1600/web_design.gif" alt="[web_design.gif]" border="0" />CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-70933947403942828022008-11-01T12:00:00.000-07:002011-03-08T06:32:02.317-08:00DIARIKU :: WALLPAPER BABY BATRISYIA PART I<div style="text-align: justify;">Malam nie cool tak terasa mengantuk pun.. jam menunjukkan pukul 3 pagi.. dalam boring2 sambil meneman adik cool (sheema) yg bakal menduduki peperiksaan SPM nie study, cool pun sempatla gatal2 tangan buat wallpaper dengan photoshop. So nielah hasilnya selama 5 minit mengedit gambar Baby Batrisyia. sajer nak kongsi ngn korang semua.. So cool pun menghiasla notebook dengan wallpaper baru nie.. :D<br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBmaZDnlaNIrSE1YBIrEhq0XWsulUZmVG9oI0uZgMYYnlyPkWsvuD_iAqGyKKAswrnK8dp0f9CwjdUGoLqxJMBZdU2yS2urIfCopJROuZux2IEHMjJYwgxToQUJfzj14RXyoz7k8J2aAn3/s1600-h/baby-cool.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 250px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBmaZDnlaNIrSE1YBIrEhq0XWsulUZmVG9oI0uZgMYYnlyPkWsvuD_iAqGyKKAswrnK8dp0f9CwjdUGoLqxJMBZdU2yS2urIfCopJROuZux2IEHMjJYwgxToQUJfzj14RXyoz7k8J2aAn3/s400/baby-cool.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5263763736192792626" border="0" /></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">1280 x 800 ( Klik untuk size sebenar) </span><br /></div>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-68724885432158519972008-08-20T02:10:00.000-07:002011-03-08T06:32:02.764-08:00LINUX TIPS : LINUX SHORTCUTS AND COMMANDS<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>This is a practical selection of the commands we use most often. Press <tab> to see the listing of all available command (on your PATH). On my small home system, it says there are 2595 executables on my PATH. Many of these "commands" can be accessed from your favourite GUI front-end (probably KDE or Gnome) by clicking on the right menu or button. They can all be run from the command line. Programs that require GUI have to be run from a terminal opened under a GUI.</tab><br /><tab></tab><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><tab></tab><br /><tab>Legend:</tab><br /><tab><> = single special or function key on the keyboard. For example <ctrl> indicates the "control" key.</ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl>italic = name of the file or variable you probably want to substitute with your own.</ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl>fixed width = in-line Linux commands and filenames.</ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl>Notes for the UNIX Clueless:</ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl>1. LINUX IS CASE-SENSITIVE. For example: Netscape, NETSCAPE and nEtscape are three different commands. Also my_filE, my_file, and my_FILE are three different files. Your user login name and password are also case sensitive. (This goes with the tradition of UNIX and the "c" programming language being case sensitive.)</ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl>2. Filenames can be up to 256 characters long and can contain letters, numbers, "." (dot), "_" (underscore), "-" (dash), plus some other not recommended characters.</ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl>3. Files with names starting with "." are normally not shown by the ls (list) or dir commands. Think of these files as "hidden". Use ls -a (list with the option "all") to see these files.</ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl>4. "/" is an equivalent to DOS "\" (root directory, meaning the parent of all other directories).</ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl>5. Under Linux, all directories appear under a single directory tree (there are no DOS-style drive letters).</ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl>6. In a configuration file, a line starting with # is a comment.</ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl>7.1 Linux essential shortcuts and sanity commands</ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1>Switch to the first text terminal. Under Linux you can have several (6 in standard setup) terminals opened at the same time.</f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn> (n=1..6)</fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn>Switch to the nth text terminal.</fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn>tty</fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn>Print the name of the terminal in which you are typing this command.</fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7>Switch to the first GUI terminal (if X-windows is running on this terminal).</f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7> <ctrl><alt><fn> (n=7..12)</fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn>Switch to the nth GUI terminal (if a GUI terminal is running on screen n-1). On default, nothing is running on terminals</fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn>8 to 12, but you can run another server there.</fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn> <tab></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab>(In a text terminal) Autocomplete the command if there is only one option, or else show all the available options.</tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab>THIS SHORTCUT IS GREAT! It even works at LILO prompt!</tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab> <arrowup></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup>Scroll and edit the command history. Press <enter> to execute.</enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter> <shift><pgup></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup>Scroll terminal output up. Work also at the login prompt, so you can scroll through your bootup messages.</pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup> <shift><pgdown></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown>Scroll terminal output down.</pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown> <ctrl><alt><+></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt>(in X-windows) Change to the next X-server resolution (if you set up the X-server to more than one resolution). For multiple resolutions on my standard SVGA card/monitor, I have the following line in the file /etc/X11/XF86Config (the first resolution starts on default, the largest determines the size of the "virtual screen"):</alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt>Modes "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480" "512x384" "480x300" "400x300" "1152x864"</alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><-></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt>(in X-windows) Change to the previous X-server resolution.</alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc>(in X-windows) Kill the current X-windows server. Use if the X-windows server crushes and cannot be exited normally.</bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del>Shut down the system and reboot. This is the normal shutdown command for a user at the text-mode console. Don't just press the "reset" button for shutdown!</del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl>c</ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl>Kill the current process (mostly in the text mode for small applications).</ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>d</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>Log out from the current terminal. See also the next command.</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>d</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Send [End-of-File] to the current process. Don't press it twice else you also log out (see the previous command).</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>s</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Stop the transfer to the terminal.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>q</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Resume the transfer to the terminal. Try if your terminal mysteriously stops responding.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>z</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Send the current process to the background.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>exit</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Logout. I can also use logout for the same effect. (If you have started a second shell, e.g., using bash the second shell will be exited and you will be back in the first shell, not logged out.)</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>reset</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Restore a screwed-up terminal (a terminal showing funny characters) to default setting. Use if you tried to "cat" a binary file. You may not be able to see the command as you type it.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Paste the text which is currently highlighted somewhere else. This is the normal "copy-paste" operation in Linux. (It doesn't work with Netscape and WordPerfect which use the MS Windows-style "copy-paste". It does work in the text terminal if you enabled "gpm" service using "setup".) Best used with a Linux-ready 3-button mouse (Logitech or similar) or else set "3-mouse button emulation").</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>~</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>(tilde) My home directory (normally the directory /home/my_login_name). For example, the command cd ~/my_dir will change my working directory to the subdirectory "my_dir" under my home directory. Typing just "cd" alone is an equivalent of the command "cd ~".</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>(dot) Current directory. For example, ./my_program will attempt to execute the file "my_program" located in your current working directory.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>..</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>(two dots) Directory parent to the current one. For example, the command cd .. will change my current working directory one one level up.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>7.2 Common Linux commands--system info</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>pwd</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Print working directory, i.e., display the name of my current directory on the screen.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>hostname</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Print the name of the local host (the machine on which you are working). Use netconf (as root) to change the name of the machine.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>whoami</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Print my login name.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>id username</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Print user id (uid) and his/her group id (gid), effective id (if different than the real id) and the supplementary groups.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>date</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Print or change the operating system date and time. E.g., I could change the date and time to 2000-12-31 23:57 using this command:</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>date 123123572000</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>To set the hardware (BIOS) clock from the system (Linux) clock, use the command (as root) setclock</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>time</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Determine the amount of time that it takes for a process to complete + other info. Don't confuse it with the date command. E.g. I can find out how long it takes to display a directory content using:</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>time ls</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>who</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Determine the users logged on the machine.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>rwho -a</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>(=remote who) Determine all users logged on your network. The rwho service must be enabled for this command to run. If it isn't, run setup as root to enable "rwho".</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>finger user_name</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>System info about a user. Try: finger root</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>last</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Show listing of users last logged-in on your system.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>history | more</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Show the last (1000 or so) commands executed from the command line on the current account. The "| more" causes the display to stop after each screenful.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>uptime</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Show the amount of time since the last reboot.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>ps</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>(=print status) List the processes currently run by the current user.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>ps axu | more</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>List all the processes currently running, even those without the controlling terminal, together with the name of the user that owns each process.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>top</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Keep listing the currently running processes, sorted by cpu usage (top users first). In KDE, you can get GUI-based Ktop from "K"menu under "System"-"Task Manager" (or by executing "ktop" in an X-terminal).</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>uname -a</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>(= Unix name with option "all") Info on your (local) server. I can also use guname (in X-window terminal) to display the info more nicely.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>free</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Memory info (in kilobytes).</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>df -h</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>(=disk free) Print disk info about all the filesystems (in human-readable form)</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>du / -bh | more</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>(=disk usage) Print detailed disk usage for each subdirectory starting at the "/" (root) directory (in human legible form).</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>cat /proc/cpuinfo</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Cpu info--it show the content of the file cpuinfo. Note that the files in the /proc directory are not real files--they are hooks to look at information available to the kernel.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>cat /proc/interrupts</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>List the interrupts in use.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>cat /proc/version</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Linux version and other info</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>cat /proc/filesystems</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Show the types of filesystems currently in use.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>cat /etc/printcap</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Show the setup of printers.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>lsmod</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>(As root. Use /sbin/lsmod to execute this command when you are a non-root user.) Show the kernel modules currently loaded.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>set|more</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Show the current user environment.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>echo $PATH</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Show the content of the environment variable "PATH". This command can be used to show other environment variables as well. Use "set" to see the full environment.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>dmesg | less</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Print kernel messages (the content of the so-called kernel ring buffer). Press "q" to quit "less". Use less /var/log/dmesg to see what "dmesg" dumped into this file right after the last system bootup.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton> </middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>7.3 Basic operations</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>any_command --help |more</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Display a brief help on a command (works with most commands). "--help" works similar to DOS "/h" switch. The "more" pipe is needed if the output is longer than one screen.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>man topic</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Display the contents of the system manual pages (help) on the topic. Try man man first. Press "q" to quit the viewer. The command info topic works similar and may contain more up-to-date information. Manual pages can be hard to read. Try any_command --help for short, easy to digest help on a command. If more info needed, have a look to the directory /usr/doc. To display manual page from a specific section, I may use something like in this example: man 3 exit (this displays an info on the command exit from section 3 of the manual pages).</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>apropos topic</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Give me the list of the commands that have something to to do with my topic.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>help command</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Display brief info on a bash (shell) build-in command.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>ls</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>List the content of the current directory. Under Linux, the command "dir" is an alias to ls. Many users have "ls" to be an alias to "ls --color".</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>ls -al |more</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>List the content of the current directory, all files (also those starting with a dot), and in a long form. Pipe the output through the "more" command, so that the display pauses after each screenful.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>cd directory</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Change directory. Using "cd" without the directory name will take you to your home directory. "cd -" will take you to your previous directory and is a convenient way to toggle between two directories. "cd .." will take you one directory up.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>cp source destination</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Copy files. E.g., cp /home/stan/existing_file_name . will copy a file to my current working directory. Use the "-r" option (for recursive) to copy the contents of whole directories, e.g. , cp -r my_existing/dir/ ~ will copy a subdirectory under my current working directory to my home directory.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>mcopy source destination</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Copy a file from/to a DOS filesystem (no mounting necessary). E.g., mcopy a:\autoexec.bat ~/junk . See man mtools for related commands: mdir, mcd, mren, mmove, mdel, mmd, mrd, mformat ....</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>mv source destination</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Move or rename files. The same command is used for moving and renaming files and directories.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>ln source destination</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Create a hard link called destination to the file called source. The link appears as a copy of the original files, but in reality only one copy of the file is kept, just two (or more) directory entries point to it. Any changes the file are automatically visible throughout. When one directory entry is removed, the other(s) stay(s) intact. The limitation of the hard links are: the files have to be on the same filesystem, hard links to directories or special files are impossible.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>ln -s source destination</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Create a symbolic (soft) link called "destination" to the file called "source". The symbolic link just specifies a path where to look for the file. In contradistinction to hard links, the source and destination don't not have to tbe on the same filesystem. In comparison to hard links, the drawback of symbolic links are: if the original file is removed, the link is "broken", symbolic links can also create circular references (like circular references in spreadsheets or databases, e.g., "a" points to "b" and "b" points back to "a").</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>rm files</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Remove (delete) files. You must own the file in order to be able to remove it. On many systems, you will be asked or confirmation of deleation, if you don't want this, use the "-f" (=force) option, e.g., rm -f * will remove all files in my current working directory, no questions asked.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>mkdir directory</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Make a new directory.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>rmdir directory</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Remove an empty directory.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>rm -r files</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>(recursive remove) Remove files, directories, and their subdirectories. Careful with this command as root--you can easily remove all files on the system with such a command executed on the top of your directory tree, and there is no undelete in Linux (yet). But if you really wanted to do it (reconsider), here is how (as root): rm -rf /*</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>cat filename | more</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>View the content of a text file called "filename", one page a time. The "|" is the "pipe" symbol (on many American keyboards it shares the key with "\") The pipe makes the output stop after each screenful. For long files, it is sometimes convenient to use the commands head and tail that display just the beginning and the end of the file. If you happened to use "cat" a binary file and your terminal displays funny characters afterwards, you can restore it with the command "reset".</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>less filename</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Scroll through a content of a text file. Press q when done. "Less" is roughly equivalent to "more" , the command you know from DOS, although very often "less" is more convenient than "more".</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>pico filename</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Edit a text file using the simple and standard text editor called pico.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>pico -w filename</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Edit a text file, while disabling the long line wrap. Handy for editing configuration files, e.g. /etc/fstab.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>find / -name "filename"</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Find the file called "filename" on your filesystem starting the search from the root directory "/". The "filename" may contain wildcards (*,?).</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>locate filename</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Find the file name of which contains the string "filename". Easier and faster than the previous command but depends on a database that normally rebuilds at night.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>./program_name</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Run an executable in the current directory, which is not on your PATH.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>touch filename</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Change the date/time stamp of the file filename to the current time. Create an empty file if the file does not exist.</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>xinit</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Start a barebone X-windows server (without a windows manager).</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>startx</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Start an X-windows server and the default windows manager. Works like typing "win" under DOS with Win3.1</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>startx -- :1</middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton>Start another X-windows session on the display 1 (the default is opened on display 0). You can have several GUI terminals running concurrently. Switch between them using <ctrl><alt><f7>, <ctrl><alt><f8>, etc.</f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8>xterm</f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8>(in X terminal) Run a simple X-windows terminal. Typing exit will close it. There are other, more advanced "virtual" terminals for X-windows. I like the popular ones: konsole and kvt (both come with kde) and gnome-terminal (comes with gnome). If you need something really fancy-looking, try Eterm.</f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8>xboing</f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8>(in X terminal). Very nice, old-fashioned game. Many small games/programs are probably installed on your system. I also like xboard (chess).</f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8>shutdown -h now</f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8>(as root) Shut down the system to a halt. Mostly used for a remote shutdown. Use <ctrl><alt><del> for a shutdown at the console (which can be done by any user).</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>halt</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>reboot</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>(as root, two commands) Halt or reboot the machine. Used for remote shutdown, simpler to type than the previous command.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del> </del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>Network apps</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>netscape</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>(in X terminal) Run netscape (requires a separate Netscape installation). The current versions of Netscape (4.x) are known to be big and buggy. They occasionally crash by vanishing (no other harm done). Also, when not connected to the network , Netscape likes to refuse to do anything (looks like it hanged)-it revives when you connect.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>netscape -display host:0.0</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>(in X terminal) Run netscape on the current machine and direct the output to machine named "host" display 0 screen 0. Your current machine must have a permission to display on the machine "host" (typically given by executing the command xhost current_machine_name in the xterminal of the machine host. Other X-windows program can be run remotely the same way.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>lynx file.html</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>View an html file or browse the net from the text mode.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>pine</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>A good text-mode mail reader. Another good and standard one is elm. Your Netscape mail will read the mail from your Internet account. pine will let you read the "local" mail, e.g. the mail your son or a cron process sends to you from a computer on your home network. The command mail could also be used for reading/composing mail, but it would be inconvenient--it is meant to be used in scripts for automation.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>elm</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>A good tex-mode mail reader. See the previous command.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>mutt</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>A really basic but extremally useful and fast mail reader.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>mail</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>A basic operating system tool for e-mail. Look at the previous commands for a better e-mail reader. mail is good if you wanted to send an e-mail from a shell script.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>licq</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>(in X term) An icq "instant messaging" client. Another good one is kxicq. Older distributions don't have an icq client installed, you have to do download one and install it.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>talk username1</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>Talk to another user currently logged on your machine (or use "talk username1@machinename" to talk to a user on a different computer) . To accept the invitation to the conversation, type the command "talk username2". If somebody is trying to talk to you and it disrupts your work, your may use the command "mesg n" to refuse accepting messages. You may want to use "who" or "rwho" to determine the users who are currently logged-in.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>mc</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>Launch the "Midnight Commander" file manager (looks like "Norton Commander" for Linux).</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>telnet server</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>Connect to another machine using the TELNET protocol. Use a remote machine name or IP address. You will be prompted for your login name and password--you must have an account on the remote machine to login. Telnet will connect you to another machine and let you operate on it as if you were sitting at its keyboard (almost). Telnet is not very secure--everything you type goes in open text, even your password!</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>rlogin server</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>(=remote login) Connect to another machine. The login name/password from your current session is used; if it fails you are prompted for a password.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>rsh server</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>(=remote shell) Yet another way to connect to a remote machine. The login name/password from your current session is used; if it fails you are prompted for a password.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>ftp server</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>Ftp another machine. (There is also ncftp which adds extra features and gftp for GUI .) Ftp is good for copying files to/from a remote machine. Try user "anonymous" if you don't have an account on the remote server. After connection, use "?" to see the list of available ftp commands. The essential ftp command are: ls (see the files on the remote system), ASCII, binary (set the file transfer mode to either text or binary, important that you select the proper one ), get (copy a file from the remote system to the local system), mget (get many files at once), put (copy a file from the local system to the remote system), mput (put many files at once), bye (disconnect). For automation in a script, you may want to use ncftpput and ncftpget, for example:</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>ncftpput -u my_user_name -p my_password -a remote.host.domain remote_dir *local.html</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>minicom</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>Minicom program (looks like "Procomm for Linux").</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>File (de)compression</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>tar -zxvf filename.tar.gz</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>(=tape archiver) Untar a tarred and compressed tarball (*.tar.gz or *.tgz) that you downloaded from the Internet.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>tar -xvf filename.tar</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>Untar a tarred but uncompressed tarball (*.tar).</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>gunzip filename.gz</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>Decompress a zipped file (*.gz" or *.z). Use gzip (also zip or compress) if you wanted to compress files to this file format.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>bunzip2 filename.bz2</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>(=big unzip) Decompress a file (*.bz2) zipped with bzip2 compression utility. Used for big files.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>unzip filename.zip</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>Decompress a file (*.zip) zipped with a compression utility compatible with PKZIP for DOS.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>unarj e filename.arj</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>Extract the content of an *.arj archive.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>uudecode -o outputfile filename</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>Decode a file encoded with uuencode. uu-encoded files are typically used for transfer of non-text files in e-mail (uuencode transforms any file into an ASCII file).</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>7.4 Process control</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>ps</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>(=print status) Display the list of currently running processes with their process IDs (PID) numbers. Use ps axu to see all processes currently running on your system (also those of other users or without a controlling terminal), each with the name of the owner. Use "top" to keep listing the processes currently running.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>fg PID</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>Bring a background or stopped process to the foreground.</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>bg PID</del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del>Send the process to the background. Opposite to fg. The same can be accomplished with <ctrl>z. If you have stopped jobs, you have to type exit twice in row to log out.</ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl>any_command&</ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl>Run any command in the background (the symbol "&" means "run the proceeding command in the background").</ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl>batch any_command</ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl>Run any command (usually one that is going to take more time) when the system load is low. I can logout, and the process will keep running.</ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl>at 17:00</ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl>Execute a command at a specified time. You will be prompted for the command(s) to run, until you press <ctrl>d.</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>kill PID</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>Force a process shutdown. First determine the PID of the process to kill using ps.</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>killall program_name</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>Kill program(s) by name.</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>xkill</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>(in an xwindow terminal) Kill a GUI-based program with mouse. (Point with your mouse cursor at the window of the process you want to kill and click.)</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>lpc</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>(as root) Check and control the printer(s). Type "?" to see the list of available commands.</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>lpq</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>Show the content of the printer queue. Under KDE (X-Windows), you may use GUI-based "Printer Queue" available from "K"menu-Utilities.</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>lprm job_number</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>Remove a printing job "job_number" from the queue.</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>nice program_name</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>Run program_name adjusting its priority. Since the priority is not specified in this example, it will be adjusted by 10 (the process will run slower), from the default value (usually 0). The lower the number (of "niceness" to other users on the system), the higher the priority. The priority value may be in the range -20 to 19. Only root may specify negative values. Use "top" to display the priorities of the running processes.</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>renice -1 PID</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl>(as root) Change the priority of a running process to -1. Normal users can only adjust processes they own, and only up from the current value (make them run slower).</ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>c, <ctrl>z, <ctrl>s, and <ctrl>q also belong to this chapter but they were described previously. In short they mean: stop the current command, send the current command to the background, stop the data transfer, resume the data transfer.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl> </ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>7.5 Basic administration commands</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>printtool</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as root in X-terminal) Configuration tool for your printer(s). Settings go to the file /etc/printcap.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>setup</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as root) Configure mouse, soundcard, keyboard, X-windows, system services. There are many distibution-specific configuration utilities, setup is the default on RedHat. Mandrake 7.0 offers very nice DrakConf .</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>linuxconfig</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as root, either in text or graphical mode). You can access and change hundreds of setting from it. Very powerful--don't change too many things at the same time, and be careful with changing entries you don't understand.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>xvidtune</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(in X-terminal). Adjust the settings of the graphical display for all resolutions so as to eliminate black bands, shift the display right/left/up/down, etc. (First use the knobs on your monitor to fit your text mode correctly on the screen.) To make the changes permanent, display the frequencies on the screen and transfer them to the setup file /etc/X11/XF86Config.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>alias ls="ls --color=tty"</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Create an alias for the command "ls" to enhance its format with color. In this example, the alias is also called "ls" and the "color" option is only envoke when the output is done to a terminal (not to files). Put the alias into the file /etc/bashrc if you would like the alias to be always accessible to all users on the system. Type "alias" alone to see the list of aliases on your system.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>adduser user_name</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Create a new account (you must be root). E.g., adduser barbara Don't forget to set up the password for the new user in the next step. The user home directory is /home/user_name.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>useradd user_name</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>The same as the command " adduser user_name ".</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>userdel user_name</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Remove an account (you must be a root). The user's home directory and the undelivered mail must be dealt with separately (manually because you have to decide what to do with the files).</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>groupadd group_name</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Create a new group on your system. Non-essential but can be handy even on a home machine with a small number of users.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>passwd</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Change the password on your current account. If you are root, you can change the password for any user using: passwd user_name</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>chmod perm filename</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(=change mode) Change the file access permission for the files you own (unless you are root in which case you can change any file). You can make a file accessible in three modes: read (r), write (w), execute (x) to three classes of users: owner (u), members of the same group as the owner (g), others on the system (o). Check the current access permissions using:</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>ls -l filename</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>If the file is accessible to all users in all modes it will show:</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>rwxrwxrwx</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>The first triplet shows the file permission for the owner of the file, the second for his/her group, the third for others. A "no" permission is shown as "-".</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>E.g., this command will add the permission to read the file "junk" to all (=user+group+others):</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>chmod a+r junk</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>This command will remove the permission to execute the file junk from others:</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>chmod o-x junk</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Also try here for more info.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>You can set the default file permissions for the news files that you create using the command umask (see man umask).</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>chown new_ownername filename</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>chgrp new_groupname filename</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Change the file owner and group. You should use these two commands after you copy a file for use by somebody else.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>su</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(=substitute user id) Assume the superuser (=root) identity (you will be prompted for the password). Type "exit" to return you to your previous login. Don't habitually work on your machine as root. The root account is for administration and the su command is to ease your access to the administration account when you require it. You can also use "su" to assume any other user identity, e.g. su barbara will make me "barbara" (password required unless I am a superuser).</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>kernelcfg</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as root in X terminal). GUI to to add/remove kernel modules. You can do the same from the command line using the command "insmod", but "insmode" is less "newbie-friendly".</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>lsmod</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>List currently loaded kernel modules. A module is like a device driver--it provides operating system kernel support for a particular piece of hardware or feature.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>modprobe -l |more</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>List all the modules available for your kernel. The available modules are determined by how your Linux kernel was compliled. Every possible module/feature can be compiled on linux as either "hard wired" (fast, non-removable), "module" (maybe slower, but loaded/removable on demand), or "no" (no support for this feature at all).</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>insmod parport</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>insmod ppa</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as root) Insert modules into the kernel (a module is roughly an equivalent of a DOS device driver). This example shows how to insert the modules for support of the external parallel port zip drive (it appears to be a problem to get the external zip drive to work in any other way under RH6.0 ).</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>rmmod module_name</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as root, not essential). Remove the module module_name from the kernel.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>setserial /dev/cua0 port 0x03f8 irq 4</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as root) Set a serial port to a non-standard setting. The example here shows the standard setting for the first serial port (cua0 or ttyS0). The standard PC settings for the second serial port (cua1or ttyS1) are: address of i/o port 0x02f8, irq 3. The third serial port (cua2 or ttyS2): 0x03e8, irq 4. The forth serial port (cua3 or ttyS3): 0x02e8, irq 3. Add your setting to /etc/rc.d/rc.local if you want it to be set at the boot time. See man setserial for good a overview.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>fdisk</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as root) Linux hard drive partitioning utility (DOS has a utility with the same name).</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>cd /usr/src/linux-2.0.36</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>make xconfig</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as root in X terminal). Nice GUI front-end for configuration of the kernel options in preparation for compilation of your customized kernel. (The directory name contains the version of your Linux kernel so you may need to modify the directory name if your Linux kernel version is different than 2.0.36 used in this example. You also need the "Tk" interpreter and the kernel source code installed. ) The alternatives to "make xconfig" are: "make config" (runs a scripts that asks you questions in the text mode) and "make menuconfig" (runs a text-based menu-driven configuration utility). Try: less /usr/doc/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO for more information.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>After the configuration, you may choose to proceed with kernel compilation of the new kernel by issuing the following commands:</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>make dep</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>make zImage</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>The last command will take some time to complete (maybe 0.5 h, depending on your hardware). It produces the file "zImage", which is your new Linux kernel. Next:</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>make modules</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>make modules_install</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Read: /usr/doc/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO for information on how to install the new kernel. You will probably also find it useful to read "man depmode". Configuration, compilation and installation of a new kernel is not difficult but it CAN lead to problems if you don't know what you are doing.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Compilation of a kernel is a good way to test your hardware, because it involves a massive amount of computing. If your hardware is "flaky", you will most likely receive the "signal 11" error (read the beatiful /usr/doc/FAQ/txt/GCC-SIG11-FAQ). See this for details on kernel upgrade.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>depmod -a</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as root) Build the module dependency table for the kernel. This can, for example, be useful after installing and booting a new kernel. Use "modprobe -a" to load the modules.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>ldconfig</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as root) Re-create the bindings and the cache for the loader of dynamic libraries ("ld"). You may want to run ldconfig after an installation of new dynamically linked libraries on your system. (It is also re-run every time you boot the computer, so if you reboot you don't have to run it manually.)</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(=make node, as root) Create a device file. This example shows how to create a device file associated with your first floppy drive and could be useful if you happened to accidentally erase it. The options are: b=block mode device (c=character mode device, p=FIFO device, u=unbuffered character mode device). The two integers specify the major and the minor device number.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>fdformat /dev/fd0H1440</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>mkfs -c -t ext2</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(=floppy disk format, two commands, as root) Perform a low-level formatting of a floppy in the first floppy drive (/dev/fd0), high density (1440 kB). Then make a Linux filesystem (-t ext2), checking/marking bad blocks (-c ). Making the files system is an equivalent to the high-level format.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>badblocks /dev/fd01440 1440</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as root) Check a high-density floppy for bad blocks and display the results on the screen. The parameter "1440" specifies that 1440 blocks are to be checked. This command does not modify the floppy.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>fsck -t ext2 /dev/hda2</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(=file system check, as root) Check and repair a filesystem. The example uses the partition hda2, filesystem type ext2.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>dd if=/dev/fd0H1440 of=floppy_image</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>dd if=floppy_image of=/dev/fd0H1440</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(two commands, dd="data duplicator") Create an image of a floppy to the file called "floppy_image" in the current directory. Then copy floppy_image (file) to another floppy disk. Works like DOS "DISKCOPY".</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl> </ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Program installation</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>rpm -ivh filename.rpm</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(=RedhatPackageManager, install, verbose, hashes displayed to show progress, as root.) Install a content of RedHat rpm package(s) and print info on what happened. Keep reading if you prefer a GUI installation.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>rpm -qpi filename.rpm</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(=RedhatPackageManager, query, package, list.) Read the info on the content of a yet uninstalled package filename.rpm.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>rpm -qpl filename.rpm</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(=RedhatPackageManager, query, package, information.) List the files contained in a yet uninstalled package filename.rpm.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>rpm -qf filename</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(=RedhatPackageManager, query, file.) Find out the name of the *.rpm package to which the file filename (on your hardrive) belongs.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>rpm -e packagename</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(=RedhatPackageManager, erase=uninstall.) Uninstall a package pagckagename. Packagname is the same as the beginning of the *.rpm package file but without the dash and version number.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>kpackage</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>gnorpm</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>glint</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(in X terminal, as root if you want to be able to install packages) GUI fronts to the Red Hat Package Manager (rpm). "glint" comes with RH5.2, "gnorpm" with RH6.0, "kpackage" comes with RH6.1 or must be installed separately but is the best of the three. Use any of them to view which software packages are installed on your system and the what not-yet-installed packages are available on your RedHat CD, display the info about the packages, and install them if you want (installation must be done as root).</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl> </ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Accessing drives/partitions</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>mount</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>See here for details on mounting drives. Examples are shown in the next commands.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>mount -t auto /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as root) Mount the floppy. The directory /mnt/floppy must exist, be empty and NOT be your current directory.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>mount -t auto /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as root) Mount the CD. You may need to create/modify the /dev/cdrom file depending where your CDROM is. The directory /mnt/cdrom must exist, be empty and NOT be your current directory.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>mount /mnt/floppy</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as user or root) Mount a floppy as user. The file /etc/fstab must be set up to do this. The directory /mnt/floppy must not be your current directory.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>mount /mnt/cdrom</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as user or root) Mount a CD as user. The file /etc/fstab must be set up to do this. The directory /mnt/cdrom must not be your current directory.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>umount /mnt/floppy</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Unmount the floppy. The directory /mnt/floppy must not be your (or anybody else's) current working directory. Depending on your setup, you might not be able to unmount a drive that you didn't mount.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl> </ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>7.6 Network administration tools</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>netconf</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as root) A very good menu-driven setup of your network.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>pingmachine_name</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Check if you can contact another machine (give the machine's name or IP), press <ctrl>C when done (it keeps going).</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>route -n</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Show the kernel routing table.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>nslookup host_to_find</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Query your default domain name server (DNS) for an Internet name (or IP number) host_to_find. This way you can check if your DNS works. You can also find out the name of the host of which you only know the IP number.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>traceroute host_to_trace</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Have a look how you messages trave to host_to_trace (which is either a host name or IP number).</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>ipfwadm -F -p m</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(for RH5.2, seen next command for RH6.0) Set up the firewall IP forwarding policy to masquerading. (Not very secure but simple.) Purpose: all computers from your home network will appear to the outside world as one very busy machine and, for example, you will be allowed to browse the Internet from all computers at once.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>ipfwadm-wrapper -F -p deny</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>ipfwadm-wrapper -F -a m -S xxx.xxx.xxx.0/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(three commands, RH6.0). Does the same as the previous command. Substitute the "x"s with digits of your class "C" IP address that you assigned to your home network. See here for more details. In RH6.1, masquarading seems broken to me--I think I will install Mandrake Linux:).</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>ifconfig</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(as root) Display info on the network interfaces currently active (ethernet, ppp, etc). Your first ethernet should show up as eth0, second as eth1, etc, first ppp over modem as ppp0, second as ppp1, etc. The "lo" is the "loopback only" interface which should be always active. Use the options (see ifconfig --help) to configure the interfaces.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>ifup interface_name</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(/sbin/ifup to it run as a user) Startup a network interface. E.g.:</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>ifup eth0</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>ifup ppp0</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Users can start up or shutdown the ppp interface only when the right permission was checked during the ppp setup (using netconf ). To start a ppp interface (dial-up connection), I normally use kppp available under kde menu "internet".</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>ifdown interface_name</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(/sbin/ifdown to run it as a user). Shut down the network interface. E.g.: ifdown ppp0 Also, see the previous command.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>netstat | more</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Displays a lot (too much?) information on the status of your network.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl> </ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Music-related commands</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>cdplay play 1</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Play the first track from a audio CD.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>eject</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Get a free coffee cup holder :))). (Eject the CD ROM tray).</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>play my_file.wav</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Play a wave file.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>mpg123 my_file.mp3</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Play an mp3 file.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>mpg123 -w my_file.wav my_file.mp3</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Create a wave audio file from an mp3 audio file.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>knapster</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(in X terminal) Start the program to downolad mp3 files that other users of napster have displayed for downloading. Really cool!</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>cdparanoia -B "1-"</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(CD ripper) Read the contents of an audio CD and save it into wavefiles in the current directories, one track per wavefile. The "1-"</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>means "from track 1 to the last". -B forces putting each track into a separate file.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>playmidi my_file.mid</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Play a midi file. playmidi -r my_file.mid will display text mode effects on the screen.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>sox</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(argument not given here) Convert from almost any audio file format to another (but not mp3s). See man sox.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl> </ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Graphics-related commands</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>kghostview my_file.ps</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Display a postscript file on screen. I can also use the older-looking ghostview or gv for the same end effect.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>ps2pdf my_file.ps my_file.pdf</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Make a pdf (Adobe portable document format) file from a postscript file.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>gimp</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(in X terminal) A humble looking but very powerful image processor. Takes some learning to use, but it is great for artists, there is almost nothing you can't do with gimp. Use your mouse right button to get local menus, and learn how to use layers. Save your file in the native gimp file format *.xcf (to preserve layers) and only then flatten it and save as png (or whatever). There is a large user manual /usr/</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>gphoto</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>(in X terminal) Powerful photo editor.</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>giftopnm my_file.giff > my_file.pnm</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>pnmtopng my_file.pnm > my_file.png</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab><br /><tab><ctrl><ctrl><alt><f1><ctrl><alt><fn><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><fn><tab><arrowup><enter><shift><pgup><shift><pgdown><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><ctrl><alt><bkspc><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><middlemousebutton><ctrl><alt><f7><ctrl><alt><f8><ctrl><alt><del><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl><ctrl>Convert the propriatory giff graphics into a raw, portable pnm file. Then convert the pnm into a png file, which is a newer and better standard for Internet pictures (better technically plus there is no danger of being sued by the owner of giff patents).</ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></f8></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></middlemousebutton></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></ctrl></del></alt></ctrl></bkspc></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></alt></ctrl></pgdown></shift></pgup></shift></enter></arrowup></tab></fn></alt></ctrl></f7></alt></ctrl></fn></alt></ctrl></f1></alt></ctrl></ctrl></tab></div>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-79171964375003972372008-07-04T02:40:00.000-07:002011-03-08T06:32:02.926-08:00INFO :: WINDOWS 7<div style="text-align: justify;" class="Body"> <p> At PDC today, Microsoft gave the first public demonstration of Windows 7. Until now, the company has been uncharacteristically secretive about its new OS; over the past few months, Microsoft has let on that the taskbar will undergo a number of changes, and that many bundled applications would be unbundled and shipped with Windows Live instead. There have also been occasional screenshots of some of the new applets like Calculator and Paint. Now that the covers are finally off, the scale of the new OS becomes clear. The user interface has undergone the most radical overhaul and update since the introduction of Windows 95 thirteen years ago. </p> <p>First, however, it's important to note what Windows 7 isn't. Windows 7 will not contain anything like the kind of far-reaching architectural modifications that Microsoft made with Windows Vista. Vista brought a new display layer and vastly improved security, but that came at a cost: a significant number of (badly-written) applications had difficulty running on Vista. Applications expecting to run with Administrator access were still widespread when Vista was released, and though many software vendors do a great job, there are still those that haven't updated or fixed their software. Similarly, at its launch many hardware vendors did not have drivers that worked with the new sound or video subsystems, leaving many users frustrated. </p> <p>While windows 7 doesn't undo these architectural changes—they were essential for the long-term health of the platform—it equally hasn't made any more. Any hardware or software that works with Windows Vista should also work correctly with Windows 7, so unlike the transition from XP to Vista, the transition from Vista to 7 won't show any regressions; nothing that used to work will stop working. </p> <p>So, rather than low-level, largely invisible system changes, the work on Windows 7 has focused much more on the user experience. The way people use computers is changing; for example, it's increasingly the case that new PCs are bought to augment existing home machines rather than replacement, so there are more home networks and shared devices. Business users are switching to laptops, with the result that people expect to seamlessly use their (Domain-joined) office PC on their home network. </p> <p>As well as these broader industry trends, Microsoft also has extensive data on how people use its software. Through the Customer Experience Improvement Program (CEIP), an optional, off-by-default feature of many Microsoft programs, the company has learned a great deal about the things that users do. For example, from CEIP data Microsoft knows that 70% of users have between 5 and 15 windows open at any one time, and that most of the time they only actively use one or two of those windows. With this kind of data, Microsoft has streamlined and refined the user experience. </p> <p> The biggest visible result of all this is the taskbar. The taskbar in Windows 7 is worlds apart from the taskbar we've known and loved ever since the days of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_95#Beta">Chicago</a>. </p> <div class="CenteredImage"> <img style="width: 469px; height: 176px;" class="Bordered" src="http://media.arstechnica.com/images/windows7/Windows%20Taskbar%20Previews.png" alt="New Windows 7 Taskbar and Start Menu" /> </div> <p> Text descriptions on the buttons are gone, in favor of big icons. The icons can—finally—be rearranged; no longer will restarting an application put all your taskbar icons in the wrong order. The navigation between windows is now two-level; mousing over an icon shows a set of window thumbnails, and clicking the thumbnail switches windows. </p> <p> Right clicking the icons shows a new UI device that Microsoft calls "Jump Lists." </p> <div class="CenteredImage"> <img class="Bordered" src="http://media.arstechnica.com/images/windows7/Windows%20Media%20Player%20JumpList.png" /> </div> <p> They're also found on the Start Menu: </p> <div class="CenteredImage"> <img style="width: 469px; height: 523px;" class="Bordered" src="http://media.arstechnica.com/images/windows7/Jump%20Lists.png" alt="Windows 7 Screenshots" /> </div> <p> Jump lists provide quick access to application features. Applications that use the system API for their Most Recently Used list (the list of recently-used filenames that many apps have in their File menus) will automatically acquire a Jump List containing their most recently used files. There's also an API to allow applications to add custom entries; Media Player, for example, includes special options to control playback. </p> <p>This automatic support for new features is a result of deliberate effort on Microsoft's part. The company wants existing applications to benefit from as many of the 7 features as they can without any developer effort. New applications can extend this automatic support through new APIs to further enrich the user experience. The taskbar thumbnails are another example of this approach. All applications get thumbnails, but applications with explicit support for 7 will be able to add thumbnails on a finer-grained basis. IE8, for instance, has a thumbnail per tab (rather than per window). </p> <p>Window management has also undergone changes. In recognition of the fact that people tend only to use one or two windows concurrently, 7 makes organizing windows quicker and easier. Dragging a window to the top of the screen maximizes it automatically; dragging it off the top of the screen restores it. Dragging a window to the left or right edge of the screen resizes the window so that it takes 50% of the screen. With this, a pair of windows can be quickly docked to each screen edge to facilitate interaction between them. </p> <p> Another common task that 7 improves is "peeking" at windows; switching to a window briefly just to read something within the window but not actually <em>interact</em> with the window. To make this easier, scrubbing the mouse over the taskbar thumbnails will turn every window except the one being pointed at into a glass outline; moving the mouse away will reinstate all the glass windows. As well as being used for peeking at windows, you can also peek at the desktop: </p> <div class="CenteredImage"> <img style="width: 468px; height: 354px;" class="Bordered" src="http://media.arstechnica.com/images/windows7/Peek%20-%20Before.png" alt="Windows 7 Screenshots" /><br /><br /><img style="width: 467px; height: 378px;" class="Bordered" src="http://media.arstechnica.com/images/windows7/Peek%20-%20After.png" alt="Windows 7 Screenshots" /> </div> <p>Peeking at the desktop is particularly significant, because the desktop is now where gadgets live. Because people are increasingly using laptops, taking up a big chunk of space for the sidebar isn't really viable; Microsoft has responded by scrapping the sidebar and putting the gadgets onto the desktop itself. Gadgets are supposed to provide at-a-glance information; peeking at the desktop, therefore, becomes essential for using gadgets. </p> <div class="CenteredImage"> <img style="width: 467px; height: 405px;" class="Bordered" src="http://media.arstechnica.com/images/windows7/Desktop%20Gadgets.png" alt="Windows 7 Screenshots" /> </div> <p>The taskbar's system tray has also been improved. A common complaint about the tray is that it fills with useless icons and annoying notifications. With 7, the tray is now owned entirely by the user. By default, new tray icons are hidden and invisible; the icons are only displayed if explicitly enabled. The icons themselves have also been streamlined to make common tasks (such as switching wireless networks) easier and faster. </p> <div class="CenteredImage"> <img class="Bordered" src="http://media.arstechnica.com/images/windows7/Network%20Connect.png" alt="Windows 7 Screenshots" /> </div> <p>The other significant part of the Windows UI is Explorer. Windows 7 introduces a new concept named Libraries. Libraries provide a view onto arbitrary parts of the filesystem with organization optimized for different kinds of files. In use, Libraries feel like a kind of WinFS-lite; they don't have the complex database system underneath, but they do retain the idea of a custom view of your files that's independent of where the files are. </p> <div class="CenteredImage"> <img style="width: 467px; height: 512px;" class="Bordered" src="http://media.arstechnica.com/images/windows7/Libraries.png" alt="Windows 7 Screenshots" /><br /><br /><img style="width: 467px; height: 411px;" class="Bordered" src="http://media.arstechnica.com/images/windows7/Windows%20Explorer.png" alt="Windows 7 Screenshots" /> </div> <p>These UI changes represent a brave move by the company. The new UI takes the concepts that Windows users have been using for the last 13 years and extends them in new and exciting ways. Windows 7 may not change much under the hood, but the extent of these interface changes makes it clear that this is very much a major release. </p> </div>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-14960865299323402642008-06-29T02:29:00.000-07:002011-03-08T06:32:02.944-08:00Tutorial<h2 class="center" style="margin: 60px 0pt 10px;">Photo Effects Photoshop Tutorials</h2>Click on each image to read the tutorial<br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/Photoshop-blog/2007/09/13/give-your-photos-a-retro-comic-book-effect/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/1.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/Photoshop-blog/2007/09/13/give-your-photos-a-retro-comic-book-effect/">Retro comic book </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/watercolor-painting/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/2.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/watercolor-painting/">Watercolor painting </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/water-reflection/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/3.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/water-reflection/">Water reflection </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/ghosting/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/4.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/ghosting/">Ghost </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://photoshopfrenzy.com/?p=94"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/23.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://photoshopfrenzy.com/?p=94">Dramatic gritty effect </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/Photoshop-blog/2007/07/04/photo-to-illustration-effect/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/6.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/Photoshop-blog/2007/07/04/photo-to-illustration-effect/">Photo to illustration </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/polaroids/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/7.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/polaroids/">Polaroid collage </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/rainbow/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/8.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/rainbow/">Rainbow effect </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/oil-painting/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/9.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/oil-painting/">Oil painting </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopsupport.com/tutorials/or/high-contrast-sketch.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/10.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopsupport.com/tutorials/or/high-contrast-sketch.html">Photo to sketch </a></p><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopsupport.com/tutorials/or/warhol-pop-art-silkscreen.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/11.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopsupport.com/tutorials/or/warhol-pop-art-silkscreen.html">Andy Warhol pop art</a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopsupport.com/tutorials/or/daguerre-daguerretypes.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/12.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopsupport.com/tutorials/or/daguerre-daguerretypes.html">Daguerreotype </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopsupport.com/tutorials/or/cubism.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/13.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopsupport.com/tutorials/or/cubism.html">Cubism effect </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopsupport.com/tutorials/or/cross-processing.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/14.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopsupport.com/tutorials/or/cross-processing.html">Cross processing </a></p><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://psdtuts.com/photo-effects-tutorials/add-dynamic-lighting-to-a-flat-photograph/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/15.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://psdtuts.com/photo-effects-tutorials/add-dynamic-lighting-to-a-flat-photograph/">Dynamic lighting </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://psdtuts.com/photo-effects-tutorials/create-an-illustrated-look-from-a-photograph/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/16.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://psdtuts.com/photo-effects-tutorials/create-an-illustrated-look-from-a-photograph/">Illustration effect </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://psdtuts.com/photo-effects-tutorials/super-slick-dusky-lighting-effects-in-photoshop/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/17.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://psdtuts.com/photo-effects-tutorials/super-slick-dusky-lighting-effects-in-photoshop/">Dusk lighting effect </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://digital-photography-school.com/blog/how-to-make-digital-photos-look-like-lomo-photography/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/18.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://digital-photography-school.com/blog/how-to-make-digital-photos-look-like-lomo-photography/">Lomo photography </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.nill.cz/index.php?set=tu1"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/19.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.nill.cz/index.php?set=tu1">Fake HDR </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://9tutorials.com/2007/11/24/super-mysterious-lighting-effects-for-your-image.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/20.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://9tutorials.com/2007/11/24/super-mysterious-lighting-effects-for-your-image.html">Mysterious lighting </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshoptalent.com/photoshop-tutorials/frozen-scene-effect.php?p=1"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/21.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoptalent.com/photoshop-tutorials/frozen-scene-effect.php?p=1">Frozen scene </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshoptalent.com/photoshop-tutorials/modern-da-vinci.php"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/22.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoptalent.com/photoshop-tutorials/modern-da-vinci.php">Da Vinci style </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/photo-fill/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/5.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/photo-fill/">Photo mosaic </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshoptalent.com/photoshop-tutorials/mosaics-2.php?p=1"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/24.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoptalent.com/photoshop-tutorials/mosaics-2.php?p=1">Photo mosaic </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photographyforums.org/photoshop/709-city-globe.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/25.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photographyforums.org/photoshop/709-city-globe.html">City globe </a></p><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.graphic-design.com/Photoshop/pencil_sketch/index.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/26.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.graphic-design.com/Photoshop/pencil_sketch/index.html">Pencil sketch </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://recedinghairline.co.uk/tutorials/fakemodel/index.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/27.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://recedinghairline.co.uk/tutorials/fakemodel/index.html">Fake model photography </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.melissaclifton.com/tutorial-stencila.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/28.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.melissaclifton.com/tutorial-stencila.html">Photo to stencil </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://niftytutorials.com/basics/transform-your-photos-into-a-beautiful-mosaic/1/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/29.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://niftytutorials.com/basics/transform-your-photos-into-a-beautiful-mosaic/1/">Photo mosaic </a></p><br /><br /><br /><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/30.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photographyforums.org/photoshop/323-filtering-out-colours.html">Filtering out colors </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://photojojo.com/content/tutorials/panographies/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/31.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://photojojo.com/content/tutorials/panographies/">Panographies </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.melissaclifton.com/tutorial-popart.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/32.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.melissaclifton.com/tutorial-popart.html">Lichtenstein pop art </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.melissaclifton.com/tutorial-vector.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/33.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.melissaclifton.com/tutorial-vector.html">Vector art </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.emanueleferonato.com/2007/10/15/create-a-vintage-photo-effect-in-photoshop/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/34.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.emanueleferonato.com/2007/10/15/create-a-vintage-photo-effect-in-photoshop/">Vintage photo effect </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://photoshoptutorials.ws/photoshop-tutorials/photo-effects/selective-sepia.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/35.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://photoshoptutorials.ws/photoshop-tutorials/photo-effects/selective-sepia.html">Selective sepia </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/rain/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/36.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/rain/">Adding rain to a photo </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://kailoon.com/photo-edit-soft-glow-effects/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/37.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://kailoon.com/photo-edit-soft-glow-effects/">Soft glow effect </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.dphotojournal.com/photoshop-tutorial-high-key-bw-portrait/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/38.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.dphotojournal.com/photoshop-tutorial-high-key-bw-portrait/">High key B&W effect </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.dphotojournal.com/charcoal-drawing-with-photoshop/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/39.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.dphotojournal.com/charcoal-drawing-with-photoshop/">Charcoal drawing </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.dphotojournal.com/photoshop-tutorials-adding-snow-to-a-photo-easy/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/40.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.dphotojournal.com/photoshop-tutorials-adding-snow-to-a-photo-easy/">Adding snow to a photo</a></p><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://tutorialseeker.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=2279"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/41.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://tutorialseeker.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=2279">Sin City movie effect</a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://digital-photography-school.com/forum/showthread.php?t=1722"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/42.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://digital-photography-school.com/forum/showthread.php?t=1722">Horror film effect </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://ebin.wordpress.com/2007/03/21/how-to-turn-your-photo-into-movie-like-effect-using-photoshop/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/43.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://ebin.wordpress.com/2007/03/21/how-to-turn-your-photo-into-movie-like-effect-using-photoshop/">Movie like effect </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopcafe.com/tutorials/HDR_ps/hdr-ps.htm"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/44.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopcafe.com/tutorials/HDR_ps/hdr-ps.htm">Professional HDR </a></p><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopcafe.com/tutorials/sketch/sketch.htm"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/45.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopcafe.com/tutorials/sketch/sketch.htm">Painting effect </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopcafe.com/tutorials/Spotlight/spotlight.htm"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/46.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopcafe.com/tutorials/Spotlight/spotlight.htm">Spotlight effect </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://digital-photography-school.com/forum/showpost.php?p=15972&postcount=3"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/47.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://digital-photography-school.com/forum/showpost.php?p=15972&postcount=3">Better negative effect </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.diyphotography.net/creating-that-dave-hill-look"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/48.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.diyphotography.net/creating-that-dave-hill-look">Dave Hill style effect</a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopbox.com/photo-effects/frosted-pixels.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/49.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopbox.com/photo-effects/frosted-pixels.html">Frosted pixels </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://kailoon.com/photo-edit-coloring-effects/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/50.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://kailoon.com/photo-edit-coloring-effects/">Coloring effects </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopassist.com/?p=68"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/51.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopassist.com/?p=68">Darklight manipulation </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://hv-designs.co.uk/2007/10/10/blueprints-tutorial/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/52.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://hv-designs.co.uk/2007/10/10/blueprints-tutorial/">Blueprint </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.biorust.com/index.php?page=tutorial_detail&tutid=21"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/53.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.biorust.com/index.php?page=tutorial_detail&tutid=21">Fade pixel stretch </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.biorust.com/tutorials/detail/245/en/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/54.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.biorust.com/tutorials/detail/245/en/">Old movie effect </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.biorust.com/tutorials/detail/229/en/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/55.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.biorust.com/tutorials/detail/229/en/">Fog and mist </a></p><br /><br /><br /><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/56.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopsupport.com/tutorials/jennifer/night-vision.html">Night vision </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopbox.com/photo-effects/blurry-tv-6.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/57.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopbox.com/photo-effects/blurry-tv-6.html">Blurry scanlines </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.onlyphotoshop.com/Tutorial-Soft-Focus-Effect-Techniques-c-14.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/58.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.onlyphotoshop.com/Tutorial-Soft-Focus-Effect-Techniques-c-14.html">Dreamy soft focus </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.bmcphotoart.com/photoshoppaintingtutorial.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/59.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.bmcphotoart.com/photoshoppaintingtutorial.html">Realistic painting </a></p><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.bmcphotoart.com/portraittutorial.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/60.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.bmcphotoart.com/portraittutorial.html">Portrait painting effect </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopstar.com/photo-effects/hot-and-fiery-photo-effect/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/61.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopstar.com/photo-effects/hot-and-fiery-photo-effect/">Hot and fiery effect</a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.celoxdesign.net/free-photoshop-tutorials/trippy-colors-photo-effect/id/63"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/62.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.celoxdesign.net/free-photoshop-tutorials/trippy-colors-photo-effect/id/63">Trippy colors effect </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.macmerc.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=260"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/63.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.macmerc.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=260">iPod people </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.macmerc.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=20&page=1"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/64.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.macmerc.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=20&page=1">Torn photo </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshoplab.com/digital-painting-with-light.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/65.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoplab.com/digital-painting-with-light.html">Painting with light </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshoplab.com/creating-sunsets-with-silhouettes.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/66.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoplab.com/creating-sunsets-with-silhouettes.html">Sunset silhouettes </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshoplab.com/light-your-house-on-fire.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/67.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoplab.com/light-your-house-on-fire.html">Photo to fire effect </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshoplab.com/too-close-to-your-tv.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/68.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoplab.com/too-close-to-your-tv.html">TV screen closeup </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://flickr.com/photos/soffia/1552850016/in/set-72157602386000299/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/69.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://flickr.com/photos/soffia/1552850016/in/set-72157602386000299/">Dramatic colors</a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://photoshopcontest.com/tutorials/26/displacement-water.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/70.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://photoshopcontest.com/tutorials/26/displacement-water.html">Displacement water </a></p><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshoptalent.com/photoshop-tutorials/greek-painting.php"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/71.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoptalent.com/photoshop-tutorials/greek-painting.php">Greek painting </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.instructables.com/id/Creating-a-3D-effect-with-image-editing--software-/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/72.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.instructables.com/id/Creating-a-3D-effect-with-image-editing--software-/">Pop out frame </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://tutorials.lombergar.com/achieve_the_indie_movie_look.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/73.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://tutorials.lombergar.com/achieve_the_indie_movie_look.html">Indie movie look </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://tutorials.lombergar.com/faking_depth_of_field.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/74.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://tutorials.lombergar.com/faking_depth_of_field.html">Depth of field </a></p><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/infrared-1.php"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/75.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/infrared-1.php">Infrared vision </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://photoshopforall.com/?p=32"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/76.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://photoshopforall.com/?p=32">Old texture effect </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://photoshopcafe.com/tutorials/scan%20lines/scan.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/100.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://photoshopcafe.com/tutorials/scan%20lines/scan.html">TV Scanlines </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.celoxdesign.net/free-photoshop-tutorials/face-painting-on-cracked-wall/id/69"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/78.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.celoxdesign.net/free-photoshop-tutorials/face-painting-on-cracked-wall/id/69">Photo on cracked wall </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshoptalent.com/photoshop-tutorials/roman-fresco.php"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/79.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoptalent.com/photoshop-tutorials/roman-fresco.php">Roman fresco </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshoptalent.com/photoshop-tutorials/modern-rembrandt.php"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/80.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoptalent.com/photoshop-tutorials/modern-rembrandt.php">Modern Rembrandt </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshoptalent.com/photoshop-tutorials/modern-van-gogh-painting.php?p=1"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/81.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoptalent.com/photoshop-tutorials/modern-van-gogh-painting.php?p=1">Modern Van Gogh </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshoptalent.com/photoshop-tutorials/the-middle-ages-byzantine-icon.php"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/82.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoptalent.com/photoshop-tutorials/the-middle-ages-byzantine-icon.php">Byzantine Icon </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.computerarts.co.uk/tutorials/premium_content/2d__and__photoshop/create_photo_mosaics"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/83.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.computerarts.co.uk/tutorials/premium_content/2d__and__photoshop/create_photo_mosaics">Photo Mosaic </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.theshockzone.com/tutorials/halftonedots.php"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/84.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.theshockzone.com/tutorials/halftonedots.php">Halftone dots </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.heathrowe.com/tuts/puzzletexture.asp"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/85.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.heathrowe.com/tuts/puzzletexture.asp">Puzzle effect </a></p><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.bmcphotoart.com/sepiaphotoshoptutorial.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/86.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.bmcphotoart.com/sepiaphotoshoptutorial.html">Cool and warm sepia </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/ayushbhandari/2307395528/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/87.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/ayushbhandari/2307395528/">Apply texture to photo </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/light-window/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/88.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/light-window/">Cast light from a window </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://niftytutorials.com/photo-effects/add-a-dreamy-or-misty-effect-to-your-photos/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/89.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://niftytutorials.com/photo-effects/add-a-dreamy-or-misty-effect-to-your-photos/">Dreamy misty effect </a></p><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/bourne-blur/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/90.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-effects/bourne-blur/">Motion blur </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://photoshopnerds.com/car-in-motion-effect.htm"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/91.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://photoshopnerds.com/car-in-motion-effect.htm">Speed effect </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.loreleiweb.com/forum/showthread.php?t=4589"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/92.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.loreleiweb.com/forum/showthread.php?t=4589">Paint on canvas </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.verlagmartinkoch.at/tutorials/combinelineart/index.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/93.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.verlagmartinkoch.at/tutorials/combinelineart/index.html">Photo dither </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://kailoon.com/photo-edit-watercolor-effect/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/94.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://kailoon.com/photo-edit-watercolor-effect/">Watercolor </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://pinkzap.com/?p=390"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/95.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://pinkzap.com/?p=390">Polka dots </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.westende.co.uk/photoshop1.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/96.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.westende.co.uk/photoshop1.html">Stylized paint </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.newphotoguide.com/articles/58/2/quotPhototypographyquot-or-how-to-illustrate-the-picture-with-the-text/Page2.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/97.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.newphotoguide.com/articles/58/2/quotPhototypographyquot-or-how-to-illustrate-the-picture-with-the-text/Page2.html">Text photo effect </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.newphotoguide.com/articles/55/1/The-Night-Shooting/Page1.html"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/98.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.newphotoguide.com/articles/55/1/The-Night-Shooting/Page1.html">Night shooting effect </a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.designspot.net/creativespot/tutorials/t10-colored-pencils.php"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/99.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.designspot.net/creativespot/tutorials/t10-colored-pencils.php">Color pencil effect </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Photoshop-blog/2007/04/15/give-your-photos-a-color-ink-sketch-effect/"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/77.jpg" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Photoshop-blog/2007/04/15/give-your-photos-a-color-ink-sketch-effect/">Color ink illustration </a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><h2 class="center" style="margin: 60px 0pt 10px;">Photo Effects Photoshop Plugins</h2><br /><table class="makeover" style="margin: 0pt auto; color: rgb(255, 255, 0); width: 450px; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 5px;" bgcolor="#000000" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5"><br /><tbody><tr><br /><td valign="top"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Photoshop-plugins/info/Special-effects-plugins/Puzzle-Pro"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/101.jpg" alt="Puzzle photo effect" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Photoshop-plugins/info/Special-effects-plugins/Puzzle-Pro" title="The Rough Guide to Horror Movies">Puzzle Pro</a></strong></p><br /></td><br /><td valign="top"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Photoshop-plugins/info/Lighting-effects-plugins/Mystical-Lighting"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/102.jpg" alt="Dreamy photo effect" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Photoshop-plugins/info/Lighting-effects-plugins/Mystical-Lighting"><strong class="sans">Mystical Lighting</strong></a></p><br /></td><br /><td valign="top"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Photoshop-plugins/info/Photography-plugins/DreamSuite-Series-II"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/103.jpg" alt="Photo frame effect" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Photoshop-plugins/info/Photography-plugins/DreamSuite-Series-II"><strong class="sans">DreamSuite II</strong></a></p><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td valign="top" width="150"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Photoshop-plugins/info/Photography-plugins/Lens-Care"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/104.jpg" alt="Depth of field" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Photoshop-plugins/info/Photography-plugins/Lens-Care" title="The Rough Guide to Horror Movies">Lens Care Depth of field Photoshop plugin</a></strong></p><br /></td><br /><td valign="top" width="150"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/FilterForge"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/105.jpg" alt="Photo effects" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/FilterForge"><strong class="sans">Filter Forge photo effects plugins</strong></a></p><br /></td><br /><td valign="top" width="150"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Pixel-paper"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/imagenes/blog/effects/106.jpg" alt="Paper folds and creases effects" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Pixel-paper"><strong class="sans">Pixel Paper</strong></a></p><br /></td><br /><br /></tr><br /></tbody></table><br /><h2 class="center" style="margin: 60px 0pt 10px;">Photo Effects Photoshop Books</h2><br /><table class="makeover" style="margin: 0pt auto; color: rgb(255, 255, 0); width: 450px; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 5px;" bgcolor="#000000" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5"><br /><tbody><tr><br /><td valign="top"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Art-and-Design-Resources/Art-and-Illustration-Books/item/0321501918"><img src="http://images.amazon.com/images/P/0321501918.01._AA150_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg" alt="Photoshop for digital photographers" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Art-and-Design-Resources/Art-and-Illustration-Books/item/0321501918" title="The Rough Guide to Horror Movies">The Adobe Photoshop CS3 book for digital photographers</a></strong></p><br /></td><br /><td valign="top"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Art-and-Design-Resources/Art-and-Illustration-Books/item/0596515049"><img src="http://images.amazon.com/images/P/0596515049.01._AA150_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg" alt="Photoshop photo effects" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Art-and-Design-Resources/Art-and-Illustration-Books/item/0596515049"><strong class="sans">Photoshop CS3 Photo Effects Cookbook</strong></a></p><br /></td><br /><td valign="top"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Art-and-Design-Resources/Art-and-Illustration-Books/item/0321509862"><img src="http://images.amazon.com/images/P/0321509862.01._AA150_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg" alt="Photoshop CS3 Photography wow book" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Art-and-Design-Resources/Art-and-Illustration-Books/item/0321509862"><strong class="sans">Photoshop CS3 Photography Wow book</strong></a></p><br /><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td valign="top" width="150"><br /></td><br /><td valign="top" width="150"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Art-and-Design-Resources/Art-and-Illustration-Books/item/0596100221"><img src="http://images.amazon.com/images/P/0596100221.01._AA150_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg" alt="Photoshop CS2 photo effects cookbook" height="150" width="150" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Art-and-Design-Resources/Art-and-Illustration-Books/item/0596100221"><strong class="sans">37 masters of special effects.</strong></a></p><br /></td><br /><td valign="top" width="150"><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></tbody></table> <div style="margin: 25px auto 0pt; width: 100px; text-align: center;"><br /></div>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-3993728500792933072008-06-28T08:54:00.000-07:002011-03-08T06:32:02.970-08:00BERSIHKAN IMEJ DGN APOTHALING<p>Ada satu soalan biasa bila menggunakan Photoshop iaitu “bagaimana nak bersihkan atau cantikkan kulit muka seseorang dalam foto?”. Terdapat beberapa cara yang boleh kita gunakan. Kita cuba teknik ‘Spot Healing Brush’.</p><br /><h2><span id="more-1570"> </span>HASIL:</h2><br /><p><img title="hasil" src="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/hasil.jpg" alt="hasil" height="228" width="296" /></p><br /><p>Terdapat beberapa perkara di dalam gambar asal (kiri) yang perlu dibersihkan - bintik merah di dahi dan kulit muka yang kemerahan.</p><br /><h2>LANGKAH 1:</h2><br /><p><img title="spot_healing" src="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/spot_healing.jpg" alt="spot_healing" height="235" width="292" /></p><br /><p>Buka gambar asal di dalam Photoshop. Klik kanan di atas layer ‘background’ > <strong>Duplicate Layer</strong> (atau, tekan Ctrl+J).</p><br /><p>Kemudian, kita akan hilangkan bintik merah di dahi subjek dengan menggunakan <strong>Spot Healing Brush</strong>.</p><br /><ul><br /> <li>Pilih saiz brush yang bersesuaian dengan ‘kotoran’ yang kita nak bersihkan</li><br /> <li>Brushkan bintik merah dengan Spot Healing Brush</li><br /> <li>Lepaskan brush, dan bintik merah akan hilang (macam magik!)</li><br /></ul><br /><h2>LANGKAH 2:</h2><br /><p><img title="surface_blur" src="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/surface_blur.jpg" alt="surface_blur" height="202" width="294" /></p><br /><p>Seterusnya, kita akan licinkan permukaan kulit muka dengan menggunakan Surface Blur (applykan kepada layer yang kedua).</p><br /><p>Klik <strong>Filter > Blur > Surface Blur</strong> (tiada formula tepat untuk nilai radius dan threshold - anda harus cuba-jaya, mengikut kesesuaian imej pilihan anda).</p><br /><h2>LANGKAH 3:</h2><br /><p><img title="layer_mask" src="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/layer_mask.jpg" alt="layer_mask" height="237" width="291" /></p><br /><p>Selepas melakukan Surface Blur, kebanyakan detail di dalam imej anda mungkin akan hilang. Seperti di bahagian mata, bibir dan rambut.</p><br /><p>Untuk mendapatkan kembali detail tersebut, kita akan gunakan Layer Mask kepada layer yang kedua tadi. Klik pada <strong>Layer > Layer Mask > Reveal All</strong>.</p><br /><p>Setkan warna foreground kepada hitam. Dan, dengan menggunakan brush, warnakan kepada bahagian mata, bibir dan rambut (seperti yang ditandakan dengan bulatan merah).</p><br /><p>Akhir sekali, tukarkan blending mode layer daripada Normal kepada Lighten.</p><br /><h2>HASIL:</h2><br /><p><img title="hasil" src="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/hasil.jpg" alt="hasil" height="223" width="293" /></p><br /><p><img title="disk" src="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/disk.png" alt="" height="16" width="16" /> <a href="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/plugins/download-monitor/download.php?id=45" title=" downloaded 172 times">Fail PSD - Bersih Imej</a></p>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-75151717517570112292008-03-04T00:19:00.000-08:002011-03-08T06:32:02.985-08:00Avant Window Navigator 4 Ubuntu<p>If you have a video card capable of running a composition manager like Compiz, you may be interested in running the Avant Window Navigator for Ubuntu. This document will explain the steps you need to take to install and configure the Avant Window Navigator on Ubuntu 8.04.</p><br /><p>The Avant Window Navigator (AWN/Awn) is a dock-like navigation bar for the Linux desktop that positions itself at the bottom of the screen. It can be used to keep track of open windows and behaves like a normal window list. It is very similar to the menu doc in Mac OSX Leopard.</p><br /><p>First, you need to make sure you have composition turned on. In Ubuntu, navigate to the <strong>System > Preferences > Appearance </strong>> <strong>Visual Effects</strong> tab. Make sure that visual effects is enabled.</p><br /><br /><p><img class="size-full wp-image-242" title="screenshot-appearance-preferences" src="http://www.foogazi.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/screenshot-appearance-preferences.png" alt="Enable Compiz in Ubuntu" height="345" width="400" /></p><br /><p>Now that we know composition is enabled, we can go ahead and install AWN.</p><br /><h2>Installing Avant Window Navigator</h2><br /><p>First we need to make sure that you have the backports repository enabled in your /etc/apt/sources.list. This can be done via the GUI, but I am going to demonstrate how to edit the file from the command line, the true Linux way.</p><br /><p>Edit the /etc/apt/sources.list file with a text editor such as vi or nano.<br /><br /><code><br /><br /># nano /etc/apt/sources.list</code></p><br /><p>Locate the following lines:<br /><br /><code><br /><br /><br /># deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ hardy-backports main restricted universe multiverse<br /><br /># deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ hardy-backports main restricted universe multiverse</code></p><br /><p>Uncomment these by removing the pound (<strong>#</strong>)<strong> </strong>signs on both lines. It should now look like this:<br /><br /><code><br /><br />deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ hardy-backports main restricted universe multiverse<br /><br />deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ hardy-backports main restricted universe multiverse</code></p><br /><br /><p>Save the file in nano by hitting <strong>^X</strong> then <strong>Y</strong> to accept the changes.</p><br /><p>Now that we have allowed apt to search the backports repository, we have to tell apt-get to update the repository list.<br /><br /><code><br /><br /># sudo apt-get update</code></p><br /><p>Now we can install Avant Window Navigator:<br /><br /><code><br /><br /># sudo apt-get install avant-window-navigator<br /><br /><br /></code><br /><br />apt-get will install a few other dependencies, such as awn manager. Awn Manager is a tool that allows you to configure your dock.</p><br /><p>Now that AWN is installed, you should be able to run it by going to:</p><br /><p><strong>Applications > Accesories > Avant Window Navigator</strong></p><br /><p>You should now see the AWN dock at the bottom of your screen.</p><br /><h2>Configuring Avant Window Navigator</h2><br /><br /><p>To configure AWN to your liking, open up the Awn Manager by navigating to <strong>System > Preferences > Awn Manager</strong></p><br /><p><a href="http://www.foogazi.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/screenshot-awn-manager1.png"><img class="size-full wp-image-244" title="screenshot-awn-manager" src="http://www.foogazi.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/screenshot-awn-manager1.png" alt="AWN Manager" height="375" width="500" /></a></p><br /><p>You’ll notice that the Awn Manager allows you to configure many aspects of the dock. From here, you can add applets, launchers, different themes, and modify the apperance and behavior of the dock. <strong>Hint: </strong>A nice tip you should know is that you can add apps to the dock by navigating to the Applications menu and simply dragging applications into the dock in real time.</p><br /><h3>How to get Avant Window Navigator to run at start up</h3><br /><br /><p>If you want AWN to run during startup, all you have to do is add it to your startup sessions.</p><br /><p>Navigate to <strong>System > Preferences > Sessions</strong></p><br /><p>Under the Startup Programs tab, click +Add and fill out the New Startup Program dialog box:</p><br /><p><a href="http://www.foogazi.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/screenshot-add-startup-program.png"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-245" title="screenshot-add-startup-program" src="http://www.foogazi.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/screenshot-add-startup-program.png" alt="Add AWN to Startup Programs" height="167" width="400" /></a></p><br /><p>Awn should now start up during after your <a id="KonaLink0" target="undefined" class="kLink" style="text-decoration: underline ! important; position: static;" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7252380500681594214#"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255) ! important;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,";font-size:13;color:#0000ff;" ><span class="kLink" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 255) ! important;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,";font-size:13;color:#0000e0;" >computer</span></span><span style="position: relative;" id="preLoadWrap0"><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 4000; top: -32px; left: -18px; display: inline;" id="preLoadLayer0"><img style="border: 0px none ;" src="http://kona.kontera.com/javascript/lib/imgs/grey_loader.gif" /></div></span></a> boots.</p>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-83761920150470487702008-02-07T21:04:00.000-08:002011-03-08T06:32:03.001-08:00[ PSD ]:: MENGHASILKAN EFEK KILATAda yang bertanya saya, bagaimana kalau nak hasilkan efek kilat? Ada beberapa cara boleh kita guna. Tapi untuk tutorial ini, kita akan gunakan Filter Clouds.<p></p><a href="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/kilat.png"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1065" title="kilat" src="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/kilat.png" alt="" height="300" width="400" /></a><br /><b>LANGKAH 1:</b><br /><p><a href="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/failbaru.png"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1066" title="failbaru" src="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/failbaru.png" alt="" height="300" width="400" /></a></p><br /><p>Kita mulakan dengan satu fail baru. Untuk tutorial ini saya buka canvas yang bersaiz 400 x 300 pixel.<br /><br />Setkan juga warna foreground dan background kepada hitam dan putih (shortcut: tekan huruf D).</p><br /><b>LANGKAH 2:</b><br /><br /><p><a href="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/clouds.png"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1067" title="clouds" src="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/clouds.png" alt="" height="300" width="400" /></a></p><br /><p>Kemudian, kita akan gunakan Filter Clouds - klik pada menu <strong>Filter > Render > Clouds</strong>.<br /><br />Selepas itu, klik lagi pada menu <strong>Filter > Render > Different Clouds</strong>.</p><br /><br /><b>LANGKAH 3:</b><br /><p><a href="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/invert.png"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1068" title="invert" src="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/invert.png" alt="" height="300" width="400" /></a></p><br /><p>Untuk dapatkan garisan-garisan putih kilat, kita invertkan warna hitam putih clouds tadi - klik pada menu > <strong>Image > Adjustments > Invert (shortcut: Ctrl + I)</strong>.</p><br /><b>LANGKAH 4:</b><br /><p><a href="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/level.png"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1069" title="level" src="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/level.png" alt="" height="337" width="405" /></a></p><br /><p>Kemudian, buat pelarasan warna hitam putih untuk mendapatkan garisan kilat yang lebih jelas. Klik pada menu <strong>Image > Adjustments > Level (shortcut: Ctrl + L)</strong>.</p><br /><br /><p>Tarik slider yang di tengah ke sebelah paling kanan sekali. Klik OK.</p><br /><b>HASIL:</b><br /><p><a href="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/kilat.png"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1065" title="kilat" src="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/kilat.png" alt="" height="300" width="400" /></a></p><br /><p>Untuk mendapat warna (selain hitam putih), kita boleh menggunakan Color Balance. Klik pada menu <strong>Image > Adjustments > Color Balance (shortcut: Ctrl + B)</strong>.</p><br /><p><img class="size-full wp-image-25 alignnone" title="disk" src="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/disk.png" alt="" height="16" width="16" /> <a href="http://sifoo.com/v7/wp-content/plugins/download-monitor/download.php?id=22" title="Downloaded 21 times">Fail PSD - Kilat (Clouds)</a></p>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-76013940277300786032007-12-23T01:57:00.000-08:002011-03-08T06:32:03.017-08:00MOVIE IN RM FORMAT<br><br>A Huge Collection of some of the Best Movies. <span style="font-weight: bold;">All in .rm format</span>. Hence these are very Less is in size. Less than 40 MB each Movie. 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ia juga tak akan kuasa, kerana cinta itu suatu anugerah, bukan suatu hasil usaha. Cinta berasal dari Tuhan “. (Al Hujwiri –Kasyf Al-Mahjub )<br /><br />Jika seseorang hadir dalam hidup kamu dan menjadi sebahagian daripada kamu, tetapi atas sebab tertentu dia terpaksa pergi, jangan terlalu sedih, terimalah kenyataan itu dan sekurang-kurangnya dia pernah membahagiakan kamu.<br /><br />Cinta itu seperti sinar matahari, memberi TANPA mengharap kembali.Cinta itu seperti sinar matahari, TIDAK MEMILIH siapa yang ia sinari. Cinta itu seperti sinar matahari yang MEMBERI KEHANGATAN DI HATI..<br /><br />Cinta adalah sebuah janji, cinta adalah sebuah cenderahati, sekali diberi tidak akan di lupakan , jangan biarkan ia hilang.<br /><br />Jika ia sebuah cinta, ia tidak hadir dengan permintaan… namun ia hadir kerana ketentuannya….jika ia sebuah cinta, ia tidak hadir dengan kemewahan dan kebendaan…namun ia hadir kerana pengorbanan dan kesetiaan<br /><br />Cinta tak pernah menjanjikan apa-apa. Ia berlaku dengan indah sekali dan mungkin berakhir dengan perit sekali.<br /><br />Cinta tidak semestinya membawa kebahagian dan keindahan. Cinta juga adalah pemusnah dan boleh membawa pada kekecewaan yang panjang. Oleh itu berhati-hatilah dalam menyambut atau menerima huluran cinta dari seseorang itu.<br /><br />Cinta tidak semestinya diucap dengan kata-kata manis sekiranya kita tidak tahu menghargai atau memahaminya. Apalah erti cinta jika kesetiaan yang wujud bukanlah dari hati yang ikhlas dan suci.<br /><br />Cinta itu satu siksaan jika tiada kepastian. Jiwa pasti gelisah dalam meniti sebuat kepastian… gelisah memikirkan sama ada cinta yang dihulur berbalas atau hanya bertepuk sebelah tangan. Apa jua keputusan yang bakal diterima, tabahlah selalu kerana tidak semua impian dan kehendak kita menjadi milik kita.<br /><br />Cinta tak semestinya diakhiri dengan perkahwinan. Perkahwinan tanpa cinta tak semestinya gagal. Keyakinan, kejujuran dan keredhaan Allah adalah segala -galanya.<br /><br />Untuk bercinta kita mesti berani. Jangan takut pada kegagalan tapi takutlah pada kemungkaran. Bersedialah menghadapi kegagalan sebelum kegagalan menghancurkan hidup kita.<br /><br />Ingat disetiap waktu ada org yang lebih menyayangi diri kita. Kita tak akan kehilangannya sekira kita terus menyayanginya dengan sepenuh hati<br /><br />Cinta perempuan itu diibaratkan seperti layang-layang, bila dikejar ia lari, bila ditunggu ia menanti. Manakala cinta lelaki pula adalah seperti cermin, walaupun ia tidak berbohong, namun sukar untuk dipercayai. Sedangkan cinta itu sendiri adalah seperti sang rembulan yang menerangi kegelapan malam yang gelita tetapi sampai hati membiarkan pungguk merinduinya.<br /><br />Andai kita menyinta, jangan dipuja cinta itu seperti bunga kerana bunga akan layu bila akhir musimnya. Biarlah cinta itu seperti sungai yang mengalir kerana ianya akan mengalir buat selamanya.<br /><br />Cinta ibarat dua hati yang dihubungkan oleh sebatang spring teguh dan ajaib, apabila dua hati itu dijarakkan, spring itu akan mengalami ketegangan. Semakin jauh spring itu diregangkan, semakin kuat dua hati itu ingin bertemu.<br /><br />Cinta yang dimulai dengan senyuman,tumbuh dengan dakapan dan seringkali berakhir dengan air mata.<br /><br />Cinta itu adalah sesuatu yang SEDAP jika dilihat, tapi BASI jika dibiarkan. Cinta itu BUKAN seuatu hal yang indah, jika berakhir dengan perpisahan. Cinta itu PENYAKIT, iaitu membuat jantung GEMENTAR<br /><br />Hal paling kejam yang seseorang lakukan kepada orang lain adalah membiarkannya jatuh cinta, sementara kamu tidak berniat untuk menangkapnya<br /><br />Jangan pernah membicarakan perasaan yang tidak pernah ada. Jangan pernah menyentuh hidup seseorang kalau hal itu akan menghancurkan hatinya. Jangan pernah menatap matanya kalau semua yang kamu lakukan hanya berbohong.<br /><br />Ada cinta yang agung antara hamba dan Tuhannya. Cinta kudus antara bonda dan anaknya. Ada cinta rafik yang setia. Ada cinta berahi antara kekasih teruna dara. Ada cinta persaudaraan yang tiada bandingnya. Ada cinta sesama makhluk yang begitu mulia dan cinta dikatakan hampir tidak memilih usia. Ia juga tidak mengira rona bangsa. Tidak ada miskin kaya dalam catatan kamus cinta. Justeru, cinta dikatakan sesuatu yang cukup luar biasa dalam cakerawala hidup setia jiwa.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-46453189993235031002007-12-01T18:52:00.000-08:002011-03-08T06:32:03.067-08:00MADAH :: CINTA PILIHAN<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="dropcaps">J</span>ika ada sepuluh orang yang mengambil berat terhadapmu, maka sudah pasti salah seorang daripada mereka adalah aku. Jika hanya seorang saja yang mengambil berat terhadapmu, maka sudah tentulah orang itu adalah aku. Dan jika tiada sesiapa lagi yang mahu mengambil berat terhadapmu lagi, maka itu bermakna aku sudah tiada lagi di dunia ini.<br /><br />Cinta adalah api. Namun kita tidak akan pernah tahu sama ada api itu akan menghangat atau menghangus hati kita.<br /><br />Memberikan seluruh cintamu kepada seseorang bukanlah jaminan dia akan membalas cintamu. Jangan mengharapkan balasan cinta, tunggulah hingga cinta berkembang di hatinya, tetapi jika tidak, berbahagialah kerana cinta tumbuh di hatimu.<br /><br />Melafazkan cinta dan janji setia itu mudah. Mengotakan cinta dan janji setia itu susah. Cinta dan janji setia yang hancur buat insan parah.<br /><br />Masa depan yang cerah selalu bergantung pada masa lalu yang dilupakan. Kamu tidak dapat hidup terus dengan baik jika kamu tidak melupakan kegagalan dan sakit hati di masa lalu.<br /><br />Hanya diperlukan waktu seminit untuk menafsir seseorang, sejam untuk menyukai seseorang dan sehari untuk mencintai seseorang. Tetapi diperlukan waktu seumur hidup untuk melupakan seseorang.<br /><br />Yang pertama belum tentu yang terbaik, yang terbaik biasanya yang terakhir. Tetapi yang sukar dilupakan adalah yang pertama, sedangkan yang terakhir masih menjadi tanda-tanya.<br /><br />Mencintai juga bukanlah bagaimana kamu melupakan dia bila dia berbuat kesalahan, melainkan bagaimana kamu memaafkan, bukanlah bagaimana kamu mendengarkan, melainkan bagaimana kamu mengerti, bukanlah apa yang kamu lihat, melainkan apa yang kamu rasa, bukanlah bagaimana kamu melepaskan, melainkan bagaimana kamu bertahan.</div>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-46500034146295638052007-09-18T18:11:00.000-07:002011-03-08T06:32:03.083-08:00WINDOWS :: DISABLE RECENT DOCUMENTS IN WIN XP<img style="margin: 0px auto; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/3709/485/1600/norecentdocs.png" alt="" border="0" /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The <b>Recent Documents folder on the Windows XP Start menu displays a list of files and documents that you most recently used</b>. But if you are not using this feature, it is best to disable it since it will <b>reduce the time it takes to boot Windows plus when you are sharing the computer, you won't leave any tracks behind</b>.<br /><br />Here's how to disable the recent documents history:<br /><br />1. Type regedit in the Start/Run window.<br /><br />2. Navigate to <b style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">HCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\ CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer</b><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">.</span><br /><br />3. Create a new <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">DWORD</span> value, or modify the existing value of <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">NoRecentDocsHistory </span>by double clicking.<br /><br />4. Set the Data Value to 1. Save the value and close the registry editor.<br /><br />The next time you start Windows, <b style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">your recent documents folder would remain empty and won't track your open documents</b><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">.</span><br /><br />Update: There are other settings like <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">NoActiveDesktop</span>, NoRecentDocsNetHood, NoUserNameInStartMenu, etc under the same hive key. You might want to disable them if you rarely use them.</div>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-47172730130538020032007-09-07T06:52:00.000-07:002011-03-08T06:32:03.099-08:00DIARIKU :: NAMA-NAMA BAYI PEREMPUAN DI DALAM ISLAM<div style="text-align: justify;">Kebetulan cool sedang mencari nama2 yang sesuai utk cahaya mata cool yg bakal lahir, cool terbaca beberapa nama untuk dikongsi bersama..<br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Senarai nama-nama bayi perempuan Islam bersama maksudnya.</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />Alya Adriana</span> <span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Ketinggian, nisbah</span> Semoga anak ini menjadi orang yang sangat suka melakukan kebaikan yang tiada henti nisbahnya.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Alya Jazilah</span> <span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Ketinggian/bijak bercakap</span> Kelebihan ataupun ketinggian anak ini terletak kepada petahnya dalam berkata-kata. Anak yang bijak bercakap juga merupakan suatu kelebihan dirinya untuk berjaya dalam hidup. Semoga anak menjadi orang yang bijak dalam berkata-kata dan mengamalkan apa yang diperkatakan.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Firuz</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> Yang indah</span> Nama yang mudah terkenal suatu masa nanti. Terkenal juga dengan budi pekertinya yang bersopan santun. Hatinya mudah ditarik untuk melakukan perkara-perkara yang baik.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Dalili Fahimah</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-style: italic;">Pemimpin/yang bijak</span> Ibu bapa memang mengharapkan anak yang bijak dan berkebolehan dalam memimpin. Generasi beginilah yang diharapkan untuk meneruskan perjuangan demi kebaikan bangsa, agama dan negara.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Dhia Syarafana</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-style: italic;">Cahaya/kemuliaan</span> Anak yang dididik dengan penuh disiplin sewaktu kecilnya, akan menjadi orang yang tahu menghargai masa dan menghargai diri sendiri. Pekerjaan yang tidak memberi manfaat akan dijauhi sedaya mungkin. Hasilnya, melahirkan sesuatu yang mulia untuk dijadikan contoh dan teladan yang baik kepada masyarakat.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Diyanah</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-style: italic;">agama</span> Nama yang cukup sinonim dengan kecantikan wajah yang selalu dimiliki oleh pemiliknya. Mungkin orangnya putih, berseri dan apa sahaja yang cantik pada dirinya. Di sebalik nama yang sedap didengar ini, sebenarnya ia bererti agama. Agama pastinya yang berkait rapat dengan kesucian dan juga kebersihan. Semoga anak pandai menjaga kebersihan dan kesucian dirinya sebagai seorang wanita yang solehah.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Iffah Huriyyah</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-style: italic;">Suci terpelihara/bidadari</span> Alangkah bertuahnya ibu bapa yang boleh mendidik anak perempuannya tahu menjaga dan memelihara maruah diri. Melihat fenomena masyarakat sekarang, segelintir remaja perempuan hilang malu dalam menjaga akhlak diri mereka. Melepak, merokok, pergaulan bebas menjadi kebiasaan hidup. Semoga anak yang memiliki nama ini terhindar daripada perkara-perkara sedemikian, sesuai dengan namanya yang suci lagi terpelihara.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Irdina Ilmuna</span> <span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Kehormatan kami/pengetahuan kami </span>Semoga anak dididik untuk mengejar ilmu pengetahuan yang tinggi. Sebarang kejayaan yang hendak dicapai, ia memerlukan ilmu pengetahuan, apa lagi dalam menghadapi zaman yang serba mencabar ini. Orang yang berilmu pengetahuan, apa lagi kalau berakhlak, dia akan dihormati oleh orang lain.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Izzah Insyirah</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-style: italic;">Kemuliaan/kegembiraan, lapang hati</span> Semoga anak yang dilahirkan memiliki perbadi mulia. Akhlak-akhlak baik yang dimilikinya mampu menggembira dan menjadi penghibur kepada kedua ibu bapa yang telah mendidiknnya menjadi manusia yang berguna pada dunia dan akhiratnya.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Izz Zayani</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-style: italic;">Kekuatan/yang cantik</span> Kehadiran anak yang dinantikan telah tiba untuk memberi kekuatan dan kegembiraan terhadap kedua ibu bapanya. Wajah anak yang comel dan cantik itu, sangat menghiburkan. Kepada ibu bapa, tanamkan azam untuk mendidik anak menjadi lebih cemerlang pada dunia dan akhiratnya.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Iffah</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-style: italic;">Tahu harga diri</span> Tiada lain yang diharapkan dari seorang anak perempuan agar dia tahu menjaga kehormatan dirinya. Ini perlulah dipupuk sejak anak masih kecil lagi. Biarlah dia membesar dengan sifat-sifat yang baik ini. Agar dia terhindar daripada menjadi gadis jalanan yang sentiasa berkeliaran di tempat-tempat awam.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Lina Nadhirah</span> <span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Kelembutan/yang berseri</span> Semoga anak menjadi wanita yang lemah lembut pada budi pekertinya. Memiliki anak perempuan yang lemah lembut dan bersopan santun, akan menyerikan lagi kehidupan keluarga bahagia.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Liya Zafirah</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-style: italic;">Yang beroleh kemenangan</span> Liya adalah nama anak kepada Nabi Yaakub. Dia merupakan seorang anak yang taat kepada ibu bapanya. Sangat menghormati dan menjaga bapanya yang telah tua. Gabungan nama ini, semoga anak beroleh kemenangan di dunia dan akhirat dengan mendapat keberkatan ibu bapa.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Laila Nahwah</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-style: italic;">Keseronokan, kekasih / berakal</span> Gabungan nama yang sangat serasi untuk dipilih kepada ibu bapa yang sangat penyayang. Anak adalah tanda kasih sayang yang terjalin antara suami dan isteri. Selalunya gabungan ibu bapa yang romantis mampu melahirkan anak yang sangat pintar. Cubalah memilih nama ini, insya-Allah anak yang dilahirkan menjadi manusia yang tahu menggunakan akalnya ke arah perkara-perkara kebaikan.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Nawal Atiyah</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-style: italic;">Memperolehi sesuatu/pemberian</span> Anak merupakan satu pemberian Allah yang tidak ternilai harganya. Sesungguhnya laksanakanlah tanggungjawab yang sebaik-baiknya sebagai ibu bapa.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Nawal Najah</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-style: italic;">Hadiah/kejayaan</span> Kegembiraan ibu bapa bila melihat anaknya berjaya dalam apa-apa bidang yang diceburinya. Ia merupakan suatu hadiah kejayaan yang sukar dilafazkan.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Wafa Thahirah</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-style: italic;">Kesetiaan/yang suci</span> Anak ini akan menjadi manusia yang setia dan taat kepada kedua ibu bapanya. Bila mendapat keredhaan ibu bapa akan memudahkan lagi dirinya untuk mendapat keredhaan Allah. Ia juga akan setia untuk melaksanakan perintah agamanya yang suci.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Wani Hazirah</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-style: italic;">Mutiara/pilihan yang terbaik</span> Seorang anak dianggap sebagai mutiara yang paling berharga. Apalagi jika dididik menjadi insan yang berguna pada bangsa, agama dan negara. Justeru, anak dijadikan pilihan terbaik sebagai penyambung warisan kedua ibu bapanya.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Watin Wardah</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-style: italic;">Yang sempurna/sekuntum bunga mawar</span> Anak yang memiliki nama ini diharapkan dapat menyempurnakan apa-apa jua yang menjadi harapan ibu bapa terhadap dirinya. Pandai menjaga maruah diri sebagai anak perempuan kepada ibu bapa. Namanya sesegar bunga mawar yang tidak akan layu sebelum sampai masa untuk dipetik. Bukannya mudah, ia suatu cabaran kepada ibu bapa masa kini.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Widad Kamilah</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-style: italic;">Kasih sayang/yang sempurna</span> Lahirnya anak ke dunia ini, adalah lambang kasih sayang antara suami dan isteri. Anak menjadi pengikat kasih berpanjangan dan kesempurnaan dalam membina keluarga yang bahagia. Adanya nama ini di dalam keluarga, semoga terhindarlah daripada kehidupan yang kucar kacir kerana ketandusan kasih sayang.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Wafiy Munirah</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-style: italic;">Setia/yang cantik</span> Anak perlu dididik untuk menjadi seorang yang setia. Mudah dan ingat apa yang diajarkan oleh guru-guru dan juga ibu bapa. Apatah lagi jika mudah mengamalkan segala nasihat yang diberikan. Hati menjadi tenang melihat anak yang begini. Semoga anak menjadi orang yang baik dan cantik budi pekertinya.<br /><br /><br /><br />‘Aafiyah = Sehat, selamat<br />Aamal = Harapan-harapan<br />Abadah = Rajin beribadah<br />Abdah = Kepatuhan<br />Abidah = Yang patuh<br />‘Aabidah = Tekun beribadah<br />Abharina = Lautan kami<br />Abir, Abirah = Wangi, harum<br />Abiyah = Elok, mulia, lepas dr kehinaan<br />Ablah = Berakhlak<br />Abqarah = Kecerdikan<br />Absarina = Penglihatan kami<br />Abyati = Sebaik-baik sajak<br /><br /><br />Abyatina = Sebaik-baik sajak kami<br />Abyana = Nyata, jelas<br />Adabiah = Kesopanan, beradab<br />Adawiyah = Obat, penawar<br />‘Adawiyah = Seorang perempuan Sufi<br />Adiba = Terpelajar<br />Adibah = Berpengetahuan, beradab<br />Adidah = Sepadan<br />Adilah = Adil seksama<br />Adlah = Keadilan<br />Adlina = Keadilan kita<br />Adriana = Nisbah<br />Afaf = Kesucian, kemurnian, kesopanan<br />Afaf = Punya Harga diri<br />Afia = Tenaga, kekuatan<br />Afiah = Kesejahteraan<br />Afifa = Jujur, tulus<br />Afifah = Berbudi bahasa, punya harga diri<br />Afiqah = Sangat pemurah, sangat berpengetahuan<br />Afnan = Pepohonan Yang berbuah<br />Afrah = Hiburan, kesenangan<br />‘Afra’ = Malam 13 Purnama<br />Afrina = Putih kemerah-merahan<br />Afruz = Menyukakan, menyenangkan<br />Afwan = Kemaafan<br />Afza = Membesar<br />Ahidah = Janji<br />Ahlaiah = Impian<br />Ahlam = Paling sempurna, impian<br />Aida = Keberuntungan, imbalan, hadiah<br />A’idah = Kembali berhari raya<br />A’ilah = Family, ahli rumah<br />Aiman = Berkat<br />Aimuni = Keberkatan<br />Aina = Mempunyai mata yang cantik<br />‘Ainiyah = Pohon rimbun yang bersemi<br />Ainul Hayat = Mata kehidupan<br />Ainun = Mata<br />Aisyah = Hidup bahagia<br />Aiyani = Nisbah<br />Akidah = Kuat, teguh<br />‘Akifah = Wanita yang beri’tikaf di masjid<br />Alani = Ketinggian<br />Alawiah = Ketinggian<br />Aliah = Yang tinggi<br />Alifah = Ramah tamah dalam bersahabat<br />Alifat = Teman pelipur, mesra<br />Alilah = Yang memakai wewangian<br />Alimah = Yang berpengetahuan<br />Aliyah = Tinggi, yang paling mulia<br />Alma = Pandai, terpelajar<br />Almas = Berlian<br />Almira = Putri<br />Alwani = Warna-warni<br />Alya = Ketinggian<br />Amal = Harapan<br />Amalia = Cita-cita<br />Amalina = Lanjut usia<br />Amami = Julanganku<br />Amani = Cita-cita, ketenanganku, keinginan<br />Amanina = Cita-cita kami, harapan kami<br />‘Amimah = Tubuh lenjang<br />Amjad = Mulia<br />Aaminah = Dapat dipercaya, aman<br />Aminah = Boleh dipercayai, dapat dipercaya<br />Amira, Amirah = Puteri, ratu<br />Amnah = Ketenangan<br />Amnani = Ketenangan<br />Amni = Ketenangan<br />Amniyah = Cita-cita, hasrat<br />Anan = Awan, cakrawala<br />Anaqah = Cantik d n menarik<br />Anati = Lemah lembutku<br />‘Anbar = Wangi-wangian<br />Ani = Masak ranum, kesopanan<br />Aniqah = Cantik, lemah gemalai<br />Anisah = Yang mesra, pelipur<br />Anwah = Lembut, hati-hati<br />Aqilah = Cerdas, pandai<br />Aqidah = Kepercayaan, keimanan<br />Arafah = Padang Arafah<br />Arbanah = Yang fasih<br />Arbahah = Nisbah<br />Ardini = Isteri yang menyayangi<br />Areej = Harum, keharuman<br />Arfah = Gembira<br />Aribah = Cerdik, terpelajar<br />Arifah = Yang mengetahui<br />Arikah = Pelaminan<br />Arinah = Cergas, giat<br />‘Ariqoh = Baik budi, mulia asalnya<br />Arwa = Memberi minum sampai puas, segar, terpenuhi, menyenangkan<br />Asiah = Nama isteri Firaun, obat<br />Asimah = Yang memelihara<br />Asilah = Yang asli, yang mulia<br />Asiilah = Lemas dan Halus<br />Asirah = Tawanan Perang<br />Asiyah = Penawar hati<br />‘Asla’ = Bergerak lunak<br />Asma = Ketinggian, putri Abu Bakar Ash Shiddiq ra<br />Asmahan = Nama tokoh wanita<br />Asyura = 10 Muharram<br />Athilah = Murni, mulia<br />Athirah = Yang utama, yang mulia<br />‘Aathirah = Harum<br />‘Athiyyah, Atiyah = Pemberian<br />‘Aathifah = Belas kasih, perasaan<br />Atifah = Bersimpati, penyayang<br />Atikah = Pemurah, berani, bersih, yang murni<br />Atiqah = Yang mulia, yang dipilih<br />Atuf = Penyayang<br />Audadi = Kesayanganku<br />Auji = Ketinggianku, puncakku<br />Aunah = Pertolonganku<br />Auni = Lemah lembutku, ketenangan<br />Awa = Malaikat yang cantik, malam<br />Awadah = Baik, lembut<br />Awatif = Perasaan, kesayanganku<br />Awfiyah = Berani, kuat<br />Azhar = Bunga-bunga<br />Aziemah = Azam, kewajiban<br />Azimah = Agung ,mulia<br />Azita = Nama putri Iran<br />Azizah = Sayang, berharga, kekuatan, dihormati, mulia<br />Azyan = Perhiasan<br />Azra = Dara, perawan used for Maryam/Mary<br />Bada’ah = Permulaan<br />Bada’i = Keindahan2<br />Badiah, Badi’ah = Indah, tak ada bandingnya, cantik<br />Badihah = Cepat memahami<br />Badilah = Mulia, pengganti<br />Badirah = Bulan purnama<br />Badiyah = Pedesaan, nyata<br />Badr = Bulan penuh<br />Badriah = Cantik seperti bulan purnama<br />Badrina = Bulan kami<br />Badriya, Badriyah = Bulan penuh, bulan purnama, wali<br />Bahia = Manis<br />Bahiah = Gemilang, berseri<br />Bahija, Bahijah = Bahagia, gembira, kesenangan, keindahan<br />Bahirah = Cantik, berseri, elok, indah<br />Bahithah = Pencari<br />Bahiyah = Cemerlang, indah<br />Bahja = Kebahagiaan<br />Bahjah = Keindahan, keriangan, kesenangan<br />Bahjan = Rupawan<br />Bahriah = Kecantikan, kilauan<br />Baiduri = Permata<br />Ba’inah = Yang nyata<br />Baiyinah = Bukti<br />Bakhitah = Orang yang beruntung<br />Bakizah = Suci, wangi<br />Bakriyah = Berani, perawan<br />Ballanah = Titisan embun<br />Baligha = Penuh perasaan, pandai, fasih berbicara<br />Balighah = Bijak<br />Balilah = Nama isteri Nabi Sulaiman<br />Balqis = Panjang umur, ratu Istri Nabi Sulaiman AS<br />Banan = Ujung jari<br />Bananah = Ujung jari-jemari<br />Baqiyah = Yang tidak bersalah, yang bersih<br />Bariah = Sejuk, tenang<br />Bari’ah = Mahir, cantik<br />Baridah = Lapang dada<br />Barirah = Alim, baik hati<br />Barizah = Yang bijak, menonjol<br />Barniyah = Cerdik, suci<br />Barokah = Berkah<br />Basha’ir = Kabar baik<br />Bashasha = Kebahagiaan, kegembiraan<br />Bashira = Kabar baik<br />Bashirah = Bijaksana, berakal<br />Basilah = Berani<br />Basima, Basimah = Selalu tersenyum<br />Basirah = Kesenangan, keluasan<br />Basmah = Senyuman<br />Bassamah = Selalu senyum<br />Bastah = Yang lapang<br />Basyirah = Penyampai berita gembira<br />Batrisyia = Cerdik, pintar<br />Batul = Sangat rapi, tak bernoda<br />Bazilah = Yang pintar<br />Bazla = Yang bijak<br />Bayati = Nisbah<br />Bayyinah = Bukti, dalil<br />Bilah Izzah = Wangi dan mulia<br />Bilqis = Permaisuri Sheba, nama ratu Sheeba yang masuk Islam<br />Bisyarah = Berita gembira<br />Budur = Bulan penuh<br />Buraidah = Dingin<br />Burairah = Berbakti, berbuat baik<br />Burdah = Mantel<br />Burhanah = Alasan yang baik<br />Bushra = Kabar baik<br />Busra = Kesegaran<br />Bussaina = Cantik menarik<br />Bustan = Taman, kebun<br />Busyra = Berita baik, kabar gembira<br />Da’amah = Tiang, Pilar<br />Dabayinah = Nisbah<br />Dafinah = Kekayaan tersembunyi<br />Dahimah = Kuat, tangkas<br />Dahiyah = Pintar<br />Dahlia = Nama sejenis bunga<br />Dahmani = Nisbah<br />Daimah, Da’imah = Tetap, Langgeng<br />Da’iyah = Juru dakwah<br />Dalal = Petunjuk, manja, memanjakan<br />Dalidah = Keturunan mulia<br />Dalilah = Petunjuk, bukti<br />Dalilati = Pemimpin<br />Dalili = Pemimpin<br />Daliyah = Pohon anggur<br />Damia = Kebijakan<br />Danah = Batu yang bernilai ting i<br />Dania = Hampir<br />Daniah, Daniyah = Buah yang mudah dipetik<br />Daniyah = Dekat sekali<br />Darayani = Mengetahui<br />Dariah = Yang mengetahui, lembah lembut<br />Darin = Nama Bunga<br />Darina = Nama suatu bunga<br />Darirah = Singap dan lembut<br />Dariyah = lemah lembut<br />Darsah = Faham, hafal<br />Darwisyah = Ahli tasawuf<br />Daulah = Kerajaan<br />Da’wah = Seruan, panggilan, ajakan, jamuan<br />Dawama = Berkekalan<br />Dawamah = Terus menerus<br />Dayana = Yang gagah perkasa<br />Dayani = Patuh, taat<br />Dhabitah = Cakap, kuat ingatan<br />Dhamanah = Jaminan<br />Dhamirah = Jiwa<br />Dhaniyah = Yang bertambah, yang bermutu<br />Dhobithoh = Yang kuat, cermat<br />Dhofwatul’aisy = Kesenangan dan kelapangan hidup<br />Dhohikah = Yang suka tertawa, batu putih diatas gunung<br />Dhohwah = Waktu Dhuha<br />Dhoifah = Tamu<br />Dholi’ah = Keras dan kuat<br />Di’amah = Tiang, pilar<br />Dianah = Agama<br />Dinah = Ketaatan, adat<br />Dinar = Uang emas<br />Dimniyah = Nisbah<br />Diyana = Nama orang<br />Diyanah = Agama<br />Durar = Batu permata<br />Durriyah = Mutiara, cahaya mutiara, cemerlang, cerdas<br />Durrah, Durroh = Mutiara<br />Durrotul Hikmah = Mutiara hikmah<br />Durrotun Nashihah = Mutiara nasehat<br />Duwaijah = Panutan, teladan<br />Dzahabiyah = Memiliki sifat emas<br />Dzaibah, Dza’ibah = Menghalau<br />Dzakiroh = Ingatan, kuat hafalan, berdzikir<br />Dzakiyah = Pandai, cerdas, murah padam<br />Dzari’ah = Jalan, wasilah<br />Dzihni = Pemahamanku, pengertianku<br />Dzihniyah = Menurut akal<br />Faadhilah = Yang Mulia<br />Fadwa, Fadwah = Penyelamat, pengorbanan suci, penebus<br />Fadhilah = Kemuliaan, kelebihan, keutamaan<br />Fadhlah = Mulia<br />Fadiah = Pembela<br />Fadiyah = Menyelamatkan, tebusan<br />Faeezah = Pemimpin<br />Faghira = Bunga melur<br />Fahimah = Yang bijak, memahami<br />Fahmidah = Cerdik, bijak<br />Fa’idh = Melimpah, mengalir<br />Faidah, Fa’idah = Untung, laba<br />Faihanah = Harum, wangi<br />Fakhriyah = Kebanggaan<br />Faiqa = Terkenal, terkemuka, bangun<br />Faiqah = Paling baik<br />Faiqihah = Pandai, pintar<br />Faiqoh, Fa’iqoh = Mengungguli<br />Fairuz = Batu permata<br />Faiza = Perolehan, jaya<br />Faizah, Fa’izah = Menang, sukses<br />Fajriyah = Cahaya terang<br />Fakhira = Agung, termasyur<br />Fakhirah = Kebanggaan<br />Fakhrani = Nisbah<br />Fakhriah = Kemegahan<br />Fakhriyah = Kebanggaan<br />Falilah = Yang beruntung<br />Farah = Kegirangan, kesenangan, kebahagiaan<br />Farha = Bahagia<br />Farhah = Kegirangan<br />Farhanah = Riang gembira, bergembira, senang<br />Fari’ah = Tinggi, mulia<br />Faridah = Yang istimewa, tunggal, permata yang mahal<br />Farihah = Riang, sukacita, gembira<br />Farisah = Pengemudi mahir<br />Farizah = Jelas<br />Farwizah = Menang, berjaya<br />Farzana = Bijak, pandai<br />Farzanah = Petunjuk agung<br />Fashahah = Fasih berbicara<br />Fasihah = Fasih bercakap<br />Fatanah = Kebijaksanaan<br />Fataniah = Bijak<br />Fathiah, Fathiyah = Pembukaan, kemenangan<br />Fathimah = Putri Rasulullah SAW<br />Fatilah = Sumbu pelita<br />Fatimah = Putri Rasulullah SAW, yang tidak menyusu lagi<br />Fatin = Menarik, mempesona, mengagumkan<br />Fatinah = Bijaksana, mengagumkan, menarik perhatian<br />Fatini = Bijaksana<br />Fatnin, Fatnun, Fatunah = Bijak<br />Faudah = Buah hati<br />Fauzah = Berjaya,berhasil<br />Fauziah = Cerdas<br />Fauziyah = Kemenangan<br />Fikriyah = Bijak, pandai, pemikiran<br />Filzah = Belahan jiwa<br />Firdaus = Nama surga tertinggi<br />Firjani = Hilang duka<br />Firuz = Yang indah<br />Firyal = Nama Putri kerajaan Mesir<br />Firzanah = Pintar, bijak<br />Fitriyah, Fithriyah = Fitrah kemanusiaan<br />Fityah = Orang muda<br />Fityati = Orang muda<br />Ghada = Gadis Muda<br />Ghadat = Lembut, halus<br />Ghaida, Ghaida’ = Berawan<br />Ghaisani = Cantik<br />Ghaliah = Yang mahal, berharga<br />Ghalibah = Menang<br />Ghaliyati = Yang mahal<br />Ghamirah = Yang mengembara<br />Ghaniah = Yang cantik<br />Ghanimah = Yang menang, penghasilan (kasab)<br />Ghassani = Cantik<br />Ghauthiah = Pertolongan<br />Ghazalah = Matahari terbit<br />Ghazlina = Tenunan<br />Ghaziah = Pejuang<br />Ghazwani = Kepahlawanan<br />Ghibthoh = Baik keadaannya<br />Ghina = Kekayaan<br />Ghisyawah = Tutupan, akhir<br />Ghobiroh = Yang lalu<br />Ghodah = Yang lemah gemulai<br />Ghodir = Sungai, sumur yg bermulut lebar<br />Ghodziyah = Menyenangkan<br />Ghoniyyah = Kaya<br />Ghufrani = Keampunan<br />Ghundurah = Bahagia, muda<br />Ghunwah = Nyanyian<br />Ghurrah = Putih berseri<br />Ghusni = Ranting<br />Ghusun, Ghushun = Tangkai-tangkai pohon<br />Gulnar = Bunga ( Persian)<br />Habbati = Nisbah<br />Habibah Kekasih, kesayangan<br />Habrah = Sukacita<br />Habriyah = Pintar<br />Hadharah = Kemajuan<br />Hadirah = Pandai, bijak<br />Hadiyah = Pemberian, hadiah, pemberi petunjuk<br />Hafawati = Sambutanku yang hangat<br />Hafidah = Cucu<br />Hafidhah = Pemelihara, penghafal<br />Hafiya = Sangat baik<br />Hafiyah = Sambutan yang hangat<br />Hafizah, Hafizhah = Pemelihara, penghafal<br />Hafni = Nisbah<br />Hafziyah = Nisbah<br />Haidah = Adil, jujur<br />Haifa = Perempuan yg langsing<br />Haimanah = Penguasaan<br />Hajar = Nama ibu Nabi Ismail, istri Nabi Ibrahim As<br />Hajidah = Yang rajin sembahyang malam<br />Hakimah = Arif, Yang bijaksana<br />Halabiyah = Nisbah<br />Halawati = Manis, menarik<br />Haliah = Yang memakai perhiasan<br />Halifah = Perjanjian, persahabatan<br />Halilah = Wanita keluarga<br />Halili = Nisbah, halal<br />Halimah = Lemah lembut, penyantun, sabar dan berakal<br />Halumah = Pemaaf, penyabar<br />Halwa = Yang manis, menarik<br />Hamamah = Burung merpati<br />Hamani = Memberi semangat<br />Hamdah = Pujian<br />Hamdiyah = Nisbah, terpuji<br />Hamidah = Yang terpuji, selalu memuji Alloh, bertahmid<br />Hamimah = Kawan setia<br />Hamizah = Riang, gembira, yang bijaksana<br />Hammadah = Bijak memuji<br />Hamra = Kemerah-merahan<br />Hamudah = Terpuji<br />Hana = Kebahagiaan<br />Hanan = Kesayangan, kecintaan, rezki, berkah<br />Hanifah = Yang lurus, beriman, muslimah yang teguh<br />Hanina = Rindu<br />Haninah = Penyayang<br />Hanisah = Yang takwa<br />Haniyah = Kegirangan<br />Hannah = Kasih sayang<br />Hannani = Kesayanganku, kecintaanku<br />Hanun, Hanunah = Penyayang<br />Hanzalah = Disegani, di hormati<br />Hariyah = Yang layak, yang patut<br />Harizah = Kubu, benteng<br />Hasanah = Yang baik, kebaikan<br />Hashinah = Benteng yang kuat<br />Hasibah = Keturunan baik-baik<br />Hasna = Cantik<br />Hasnah = Yang baik<br />Hasyimah = Sopan, beradab, berakhlak<br />Hawani = Ibu penyayang<br />Hawa, Hawwa = Nama isteri Nabi Adam<br />Hawilah = Penjamin, pemelihara<br />Hayat = Kehidupan<br />Hayati = Jiwa, hidup, kehidupanku<br />Hayani = Hidup<br />Hayfa = Lembut suaranya<br />Hazimah = Yang tegas, wanita yang sangat teliti<br />Haziqah = Yang cerdik, pandai<br />Hazirah = Pilihan yang terbaik<br />Haziyah = Suka orang lain, yang di puji, yang disayangi<br />Hazwani = Pemberianku<br />Hibah = Pelimpahan<br />Hibriyah = Kecantikan, keindahan<br />Hidanah = Damai, tenang<br />Hidayah, Hidayati = Petunjuk Allah<br />Hidni = Subur<br />Hijanah = Keturunan yang mulia<br />Hilalah = Bulan sabit<br />Hilmiyah = Lembut, sopan<br />Himanah = Memberi semangat<br />Himayah = Terpelihara, terjaga<br />Hindun = Kerinduan asmara, sahabat wanita<br />Hisanah = Cantik<br />Hubwah = Pemberian<br />Huda = Petunjuk kepada kebenaran<br />Hudiya = Diberi petunjuk<br />Hudnati = Damai<br />Hulwah = Manis<br />Humaira, Humaira’ = Berpipi merah<br />Huraiyah = Bidadari<br />Huriya = Peri, bidadari<br />Huriyah = Bermata elok, Pengikut setia<br />Husna = Kebaikan, cantik<br />Husniah = Indah<br />Husniyah = Kebaikan, keindahan<br />Husnul Khotimah = Kesudahan yang baik<br />Ibadah = Ibadah, amal yg diridloi Alloh<br />Ibnah = Anak perempuan<br />Ibrisim = Sutera<br />Ibriz = Eams murni<br />Ibroh = Pengajaran<br />Ibtihaj = Kesenangan, kebahagiaan<br />Ibtihal = Mohon kepada Allah, permohonan<br />Ibtisam = Senyuman<br />Iffah = Tahu harga diri<br />Iffat = Kesucian, kemurnian, kesopanan, kesederhanaan<br />Iftikhar = Kebanggaan<br />Iftinan = Mengagumkan, menarik perhatian<br />Ikbar = Mengagumkan<br />Ikhtiar = Upaya dan usaha pilihan<br />Iklil = Mahkota<br />Ikram = Memuliakan<br />Ilham = Wahyu<br />Imarah = Pembangunan, kemakmuran<br />Imtinan = Anugrah Illahi<br />Inas = Kebaikan, keramah-tamahan<br />In’aan = Pemberian kenikmatan<br />In’am = Pemberian kenikmatan<br />Inan = Tali kendali<br />‘Inayah = Perlindungan<br />Insaf, Inshaf = Kesadaran<br />Ishmah = Terhindar dr dosa<br />Insyirah = Kegembiraan, Kelegaan hati<br />Intisar = Keberhasilan, kemenangan<br />Intishar = Kemenangan<br />Irbah = Pikiran tajam, akal<br />Irtiyah = Kesenangan<br />Is’ad = Yang membahagiakan<br />Is’af, Is’aaf = Pertolongan<br />Ishraq = Cahaya, sinar<br />‘Ismah = Terhindar dari dosa<br />Istiqamah, istiqomah = Kelurusan, ketulusan<br />Itidal = Keseimbangan, Seimbang<br />Itimad = Percaya, Kepercayaan<br />Izdihar = Berkilau<br />Jabiroh = Penyambung patah tulang<br />Jadawil = Sungai2 kecil<br />Jadzwah = Bara yg menyala<br />Jaharoh = Keras, nyaring<br />Jahro = Cantik<br />Jahroh = D ngan terang/ nyata<br />Ja’izah = Ijazah, piala<br />Jalilah = Mulia, agung<br />Jamila, Jamilah = Cantik<br />Jasmin = Bunga melati<br />Jaudah = Indah, utama<br />Jauharah = Batu permata<br />Jauza = Nama bintang<br />Jauzah = Kenari<br />Jawhara = Mutiara<br />Jihan = Nama tokoh wanita<br />Jinan = Surga-surga<br />Juhainah = Taman, kebun<br />Juhairah = Nyaring, lantang<br />Jumanah = Mutiara<br />Junnah = Perisai<br />Junainah = Taman, kebun<br />Juwairiyah = Nama wanita, gadis kecil<br />Kabiroh = Besar<br />Kadhimah = Yang dapat menahan diri<br />Kadziyah = Pohon berbunga memanjang harum baunya<br />Kafi’ah = Sama<br />Kafilah = Menjaga, mengasuh<br />Kahla = Bola matanya hitam pekat<br />Kahilah = Matanya dicelak<br />Kalafah = Kecintaan<br />Kalilah = Lemah<br />Kamila, Kamilah = Lengkap, sempurna<br />Kamilia, Kamiliya = Pepohonan yang selalu hijau<br />Karimah = Mulia<br />Kausar = Sebuah kolam di surga<br />Kautsar = Kenikmatan yang banyak<br />Kawakib = Bintang-bintang<br />Kazhimah = Dapat menahan diri<br />Keysha, Keisha = Hidup dalam keadaan baik. Varian dari Aisha.<br />Khadijah = Istri Rasulullah SAW<br />Khaldah = Langgeng<br />Khalifah = Pengganti<br />Khalilah = Kesayangan<br />Kharidah = Anak gadis<br />Khairiyah = Kebaikan<br />Khairoh = Baik hati<br />Khairunnisa = Sebaik-baik wanita<br />Khaizuran = Rotan<br />Khaizuronah = Nama ibu Khalifah Harun Al Rasyid<br />Khayla = Cantik<br />Khalda’ = Langgeng<br />Khalidah = Langgeng<br />Khalifah = Pengganti<br />Khalilah = Kesayangan<br />Khalishah = Murni<br />Khathibah = Ahli pidato<br />Khatimah = Penutup, pengakhiran<br />Khansa = Nama pujangga Islam perempuan terdahulu, seorang pejuang Muslimah<br />Kharidah = Anak gadis<br />Khaulah = Sahabat wanita terkenal, rusa betina<br />Khawlah = Kesendirian<br />Khayyirah = Baik hati<br />Khazinah = Harta yang tersimpan<br />Khotibah = Ahli pidato<br />Khotimah = Penutup, Pengakhiran<br />Khulaidah = Langgeng<br />Khuzaimah = Tali kendali<br />La’ali’ = Permata-permata, mutiara<br />Labibah = Sehat akal dan cerdik<br />Labitsah = Yang tinggal di suatu tempat<br />Ladzidzah = Sedap, lezat<br />Laela = Malam yang gelap<br />Lafifah = Berkumpul, bercampur<br />La’ihah = Yang lahir, nyata<br />Laila = Nama orang Arab terdahulu, kerinduan, malam yg gelap<br />Laimun = Buah jeruk yang manis<br />La’iqoh = Patut, layak<br />Lam’a, Lam’aa’ = Berkilau<br />Lathifah = Lemah lembut<br />Layanah = Kehalusan, kelemasan<br />Lubna = Buah kenitu<br />Lujmah = Bukit yang datar<br />Lulu, Lulua = Mutiara, permata<br />Lum’ah = Kilauan<br />Luthfiyah = Lemah lembut<br />Luqyana = Perjumpaan kita<br />Ma’ali = Tinggi<br />Mabrukah = Dapat berkah<br />Ma’dzanah = Menara tempat adzan sholat<br />Maghfirah = Pengampunan<br />Mahasin = Kebaikan, kebajikan<br />Mahbubah = Disenangi, dicintai<br />Mahdiyah = Yang mendapat hidayah<br />Maheem = Bulan penuh<br />Mahfudhah, Mahfuzhah = Terpelihara<br />Mahirah, Mahiroh = Pandai, cakap<br />Ma’ijah = Yang berombak, bergelombang<br />Maimanah = Keberkahan<br />Maimunah = Beruntung, keberuntungan, diberkahi Alloh<br />Mais, Maisa, Mayesa = Penampilannya membanggakan<br />Maisarah, Maisaroh = Ketenangan, nyaman, kemakmuran<br />Maisun = Berwajah dan bertubuh cantik<br />Ma’iyah = Kebersamaan<br />Majidah = Mulia<br />Makarim = Kebaikan hati<br />Ma’munah = Dipercaya<br />Maknunah = Menutup muka karena malu<br />Malak/ Malaeka = Bidadari<br />Malihah = Cantik<br />Malika = Pemilik<br />Manal = Sukses, prestasi<br />Manar = Mercusuar<br />Mani’ah = Mulia, kuat<br />Maqbulah = Diterima permintaannya<br />Maram = Tujuan, maksud<br />Mardhiyah = Mendapat keridhoan Allah<br />Mariah, Mariyah = Istri Rasulullah SAW, yang indah<br />Maritza = Mendapat berkah Alloh<br />Marwa = Berhati-hati dalam memikirkan<br />Marwah = Bukit Marwah di Masjidil Haram<br />Maryam = Ibunda Nabi Isa AS<br />Maryana = Nama Orang<br />Masarrah = Kesenangan<br />Mashumah, Ma’shumah = Bebas dari dosa<br />Masikah, Masiikah = Nama wanita sahabat nabi<br />Masyithoh = Yang mati syahid oleh Fir’aun<br />Mawaddah = Cinta kasih<br />Mawahib = Bakat, kemampuan, ketangkasan<br />Mazaya = Istimewa<br />Maznah = Gemilang<br />Muazarah = Bantuan, pertolongan<br />Mudhiah = Menyinari<br />Mudrikah = Dapat memahami<br />Mufidah = Memberi manfaat<br />Muhajirah = Yang berhijrah<br />Mukhbitah = Tunduk patuh<br />Mu’minah = Beriman<br />Mumtaz = Istimewa<br />Munifah = Kedudukan tinggi, menonjol<br />Mu’nisah = Teman yang menyenangkan<br />Muna = Cita-cita, keinginan<br />Muniba, Munibah = B rinabah (Taubat) pada Alloh<br />Munifah = Kedudukan yang tinggi - menonjol<br />Munira = Hiasan cahaya, penerang<br />Munirah, Muniroh = Bercahaya<br />Muqsithah, Muqsithoh = Yang berbuat adil<br />Muslimah = Beragama Islam<br />Mustajabah = Terkabul do’anya<br />Muthi’ah = Taat<br />Muthmainnah = Tenang, Tentram<br />Muznah = Berdandan bagus<br />Naazneen = Cantik<br />Na’amah = Burung unta<br />Nabighah = Kenamaan, besar, mulia<br />Nabihah = Cerdik, mulia<br />Nabila = Ningrat, mulia, luhur<br />Nabilah = Cerdik, mahir<br />Nabilia = Kedermawanan<br />Nada, Nadha = Embun di pagi hari<br />Nadhifah = Bersih<br />Nadia, Nadiah, Nadiyah = Awal mula sesuatu, pembawa kesetiaan<br />Nadimah = Teman akrab<br />Nadira = Khusus, unik<br />Nadirah = Jarang<br />Nafi’ah = Bermanfaat<br />Nafilah = Ibadah tambahan<br />Naflah = Bunga matahari<br />Nahiyah, Nahiyyah = Pelaksana larangan (pencegah), larangan<br />Nahla = Minuman<br />Naifah, Na’ifah = Kedudukan tinggi<br />Na’ila = Orang yang sukses<br />Nailah, Na’ilah = Yang suka memberi<br />Naaila = Sesuatu yg istimewa<br />Naimah, Na’imah = Kenikmatan, halus, lunak<br />Najdah = Bantuan<br />Najah = Keselamatan<br />Najiah, Najiyah = Selamat<br />Najibah = Bernilai, mulia, utama<br />Najla’ = Yang bermata elok, Yang baik keturunannya<br />Najmah = Bintang<br />Najwa = Berbisik-bisikan<br />Na’mah = Halus, lunak<br />Naqiyyah = Jernih<br />Nashiroh = Penolong kaum lemah<br />Nasim = Angin sepoi-sepoi<br />Nasmah = Angin sepai-sepoi<br />Nasyiah = Perkembangan<br />Naurah = Bunga<br />Nawad = Awal mula dari sesuatu<br />Nawal = Memperoleh sesuatu<br />Naqiyah = Jernih<br />Nadzifah = Bersih<br />Nazihah = Bersih dari noda<br />Nibras = Pelita, pemberani, ujung tombak<br />Nida, Nida’ = Seruan<br />Nihal = Minum dari sumber air<br />Nikmah = Kenikmatan<br />Nisrin = Harum bunga mawar<br />Nisrina = Bunga mawar putih<br />Nud-ah = Pelangi, cahaya matahari ketika terbit atau terbenam<br />Nur = Cahaya<br />Nurjannah = Cahaya surga<br />Nurjihan = Nama tokoh perempuan<br />Nur Aini = Cahaya mataku<br />Nuzhah = Rekreasi<br />Qaidah = Pemimpin<br />Qa’mah = Berdiri, tegak<br />Qamar = Bulan<br />Qamariyah = Berdasarkan bulan<br />Qa’niah = Merasa puas dan rela<br />Qanitah = Taat, berbakti, sholat lama berdiri<br />Qariah = Pembaca<br />Qaribah = Dekat<br />Qarirah = Pandangan yg sejuk<br />Qasamah = Keindahan dan kecantikan<br />Qatrunnada = Tetesan embun<br />Qiblah = Tempat sholat<br />Qiladah = Kalung, perhiasan<br />Qimah = Harga sesuatu, kadarnya<br />Qismah = Bagian, nasib<br />Qithmir = Kulit ari<br />Qoidah = Pemimpin<br />Qomar = Bulan<br />Qomariah = Berdasar bulan<br />Qoni’ah = Merasa puas dan rela<br />Qonitah = Taat, Berbakti, Shalat lama berdiri<br />Qoriah = Pembaca<br />Qoribah = Dekat<br />Qorirah = Pandangan yang sejuk<br />Qosamah = Keindahan dan kecantikan<br />Qurratu’ain = Sedap dipandang mata<br />Rabab = Musik instrumen Arab<br />Rababah = Mega putih<br />Rabbiya = Angin sejuk di musim semi<br />Rabi’ah = Yang ke 4<br />Rabihah = Tanah yg tinggi<br />Radhiyah = Ridlo<br />Radwa = Kesukaan, kepuasan<br />Rafi’ah = Derajatnya tinggi<br />Rafidah = Papan atap, pemberi pertolongan<br />Rafifah = Berakhlak baik<br />Rafilah = Anggun, mewah<br />Raghad = Nyaman, kenyamanan<br />Rahadatul ‘Aisy = Kemakmuran hidup<br />Rahidah = Lembut<br />Rahifah = Tipis<br />Rahimah, Rahmah = Kasih sayang<br />Raidah = Angin yg bertiup dgn lembut, pemimpin<br />Raihanah = Tanaman yang harum, perempuan yg luhur<br />Raiqah = Bening, murni<br />Raisha = Pemimpin<br />Raja, Raja’ = Harapan<br />Rajihah = Mantap timbangannya<br />Rajiyyah = Yang diharapkan<br />Rakizah = Emas, perak dlm tanah<br />Ramizah = Orang yg terhormat<br />Ramlah = Tokoh sahabat wanita<br />Ramziyah = Isyarat<br />Raniah = Mempesona<br />Raninah = Gemerincingan<br />Rannan = Gemerincing<br />Raqiqah = Lembut<br />Raqwan = Kemajuan<br />Rasanah = Tempat pemberhentian<br />Rasmiyah = Secara resmi<br />Rasyadah, Rusydah = Petunjuk jalan yg lurus<br />Rasyidah = Mendapat petunjuk<br />Rasyiqah = Bentuk tubuh yg indah<br />Raudhah = Taman<br />Razinah = Serius dlm perilaku<br />Rifa, Rifa’ = Setuju, mufakat<br />Rif’at = Tinggi martabatnya<br />Rifdah = Pemberi pertolongan<br />Rihab = Luas dan lebar<br />Riham = Hujan gerimis yang berkepanjangan<br />Robi’ah = Yang keempat<br />Rodhiyah = Ridho<br />Rofi’ah = Derajatnya tinggi<br />Rofidah = Papan atap, Pemberi pertolongan<br />Rofifah = Berahlak baik<br />Rofilah = Anggun, mewah<br />Rohadatul ‘Aisy = Kemakmuran Hidup<br />Rohida = Lembut<br />Rohifah = Tipis<br />Roidah = Pemimpin<br />Roiqoh = Bening - Murni<br />Rojihah = Mantap timbangannya<br />Rojiyyah = Yang diharapkan<br />Romizah = Orang yang terhormat<br />Roninah = Gemerincing<br />Roqiqoh = Lembut<br />Rosmiyah = Secara resmi<br />Rosyadah = Petunjuk jalan lurus<br />Rosyiqoh = Bentuk tubuh yang indah<br />Rozinah = Serius dalam perilaku<br />Rudainah = Yang memintal benang<br />Ruqayah = Kemajuan, nama putri Nabi SAW<br />Rusydah = Petunjuk jalan lurus<br />Ruwaidah = Berhati-hati, perlahan-lahan<br />Sa’adah = Kebahagiaan<br />Saarah = Istri Nabi Ibrahim As<br />Sabalik = Sepotong emas, perak<br />Sab’atuabhur = 7 laut<br />Sabikah = Wanita sahabat Nabi SAW, penambang emas<br />Sabrina, Sabreen = Kesabaran<br />Sa’danah = Burung merpati, kebahagiaan<br />Sadidah = Jitu, tepat sasaran, benar<br />Sa’diyah = Berbahagia<br />Safanah = Membuat kapal, angin agak keras<br />Safinatunnajah = Kapal penyelamat<br />Saidah, Sa’idah = Berbahagia<br />Saifanah = Lenjang seperti pedang terhunus<br />Sajidah = Bersujud<br />Sakina, Sakinah = Lembut, hening, tenang, ketentraman<br />Salamah, Salimah = Keselamatan, sehat<br />Salima = Aman, lengkap<br />Salma = Selamat, aman, sempurna<br />Salsabila = Mata air di surga<br />Salwa = Burung puyuh<br />Samihah = Lemah lembut, murah hati, dermawan<br />Samirah = Teman ngobrol<br />Samiyah = Kedudukan tinggi<br />Sana’ = Kenaikan tingkat derajat<br />Saninah = Promosi, kenaikan tingkat<br />Sarah = Nama istri Nabi Ibrahim AS<br />Satirah = Wanita yang menutup-nutupi aib dan dosanya<br />Sausan = Bunga Lili<br />Sayyidah = Pemimpin<br />Shaba = Berkelakuan anak muda<br />Shabirah = Bersabar<br />Shadiqah = Benar, jujur<br />Shadiya = Menyanyi<br />Shadrina = Hati<br />Shafa’ = Kejernihan<br />Shafiyah = Jernih<br />Shafiyyah = Kawan tulus ikhlas<br />Shaima = Baik, alami<br />Shakira = Syukur, berterimakasih<br />Shalehah = Baik<br />Shaza, Shazia = Harum, wangi<br />Shiba = Rindu<br />Shiddiqah = Membenarkan, sangat jujur<br />Shidqiyah = Benar, jujur<br />Shifwah = Sahabat yang akrab<br />Shiyabah = Yang benar<br />Shoba = Berkelakuan anak muda<br />Shobah = Pagi hari<br />Shobiroh = Bersabar<br />Shoda = Gema<br />Shodiqoh = Benar, jujur<br />Shofa = Bukit Sofa di Masjidilharam<br />Shofa’ = Kejernihan<br />Shofhah = Pemaafan, Halaman buku<br />Shofwah = Keiklasan dalam cinta<br />Shofiyah = Jernih<br />Shofiyyah = Kawan tulus ikhlas<br />Shohwah = Kebangkitan<br />Shohwatul Islam = Kebangkitan Islam<br />Sho’ibah = Yang benar<br />Sho’ighoh = Tukang emas<br />Sholehah = Baik<br />Shubhiyah = Pagi<br />Shurooq = Matahari terbit, terbit<br />Siham = Anak panah<br />Sirin = Wanita sahabat Nabi SAW<br />Su’ad, Su’da = Bahagia<br />Suhailah = Mudah, Suka mengalah<br />Suhaimah = Keberuntungan<br />Suhair = Waspada<br />Sukainah = Tenang, tentram<br />Sulaimah = Selamat<br />Sulthanah = Penguasa Wanita<br />Sumayyah = Kebanggaan<br />Sunbulah = Nama Bintang, Tangkai yang berbuah<br />Sundus = Sutra<br />Sunniyah = Penganut ahlussunnah<br />Syadiyah = Pandai menyanyi, Menyamakan<br />Syahidah = Mati syahid<br />Syahrazad = Nama wanita dahulu<br />Syafiqoh = Belas kasih<br />Syafiyah = Sembuh, sehat<br />Syahirah = Terkenal, Ternama<br />Syaikhoh = Gelar Kehormatan, Lanjut Usia<br />Sya’irah = Pandai Menyusun Syair, Perasa<br />Syakira, Syakura = Mensyukuri<br />Syam’ah = Lilin<br />Syamiyah = Tahi lalat pada wajah<br />Syamsiyah = Berdasar hitungan matahari<br />Syarifah = Mulia<br />Syauqiyah = Rindu<br />Syifa’ = Penawar, Penyembuh<br />Syirin = Nama wanita dahulu<br />Syukriyah = Bersyukur<br />Syu’lah = Pelita, Obor<br />Tabriz = Pengungkapan suatu kebaikan<br />Tadmar = Nama perempuan yang dijadikan nama kota di Jazirah Arab<br />Tadzkiroh = Peringatan<br />Taghrid = Kicauan burung, nyanyian<br />Tahani = Ucapan selamat, salam, sambutan<br />Tahira = Murni, bersih<br />Tahiyyah = Kehormatan, selamat dari bahaya, salam<br />Ta’ibah = Yang bertaubat<br />Tamamah = Pelengkap, penyempurna<br />Tamimah = Kuat, tangkal, jimat<br />Taqiyyah = Bertaqwa<br />Thahirah = Bersih, suci<br />Thai’ah = Taat, patuh<br />Thaliqah = Lancar ( lidahnya ), fasih<br />Tharfa’ = Menepi<br />Tharifah = Ucapan baru yang digemari<br />Thawaf = Mengelilingi Ka’bah<br />Thifal = Lembut, halus<br />Thiyah = Niat hati<br />Tho’ah = Taat<br />Thohiroh = Bersih, suci<br />Tho’i’ah = Taat, patuh<br />Tho’ifah = Sekumpulan, yang mengelilingi<br />Tho’ilah = Kemampuan<br />Tholiqoh = Lancar lidahnya, fasih<br />Thorfa’ = Menepi<br />Thorifah = Ucapan baru yang digemari<br />Thoyyibah = Baik<br />Thufailah = Lembut dan halus<br />Tsabitah = Tangguh, lurus, pemberani<br />Tsamarah = Buah, buah hati, keturunan<br />Tsamarotulqolbi = Buah hati<br />Tsana = Pujian<br />Tsaniyah = Yang kedua<br />Tsaqofah = Kebudayaan<br />Tsarwah = Kekayaan<br />Tsawab = Pahala<br />Tsumamah = Nama wanita<br />Tsuraya = Nama bintang<br />Tuadah = Ketenangan<br />Tuhfah = Hadiah<br />Tuffahati = Buah apelku<br />Ubadah = Ibadah, yg menyembah<br />Ubaidah = Hamba<br />Udulah = Adil, menghukum dgn benar<br />Udzah = Azimat, tangkal<br />Udzroh = Halangan<br />‘Ufairah = Pemberani<br />Ulfah = Persahabatan<br />U’jubah = Sesuatu yg mengherankan<br />Umamah = Cucu Rasulullah SAW dari Zainab<br />Umaimah = Dari kata Umumah (keibuan)<br />‘Umairah = Nama wanita dahulu<br />Ummu Kulsum = Putri Rasulullah SAW<br />Umniah, Umniyati = Cita-cita, cita-citaku<br />‘Unaizah = Kambing betina<br />Urjuwanah = Pohon yang kemerah-merahan, warna merah yang indah<br />‘Urwatul Wutsqo = Buhul tali yang kuat<br />Uzdah = Ada unsur kelebihannya<br />Wabilah = Tongkat<br />Wabishoh = Api<br />Wada’ah = Lemah lembut<br />Wadhiah = Yang bagus dan bersih<br />Wadi’ah = Titipan<br />Wadil Fatmah = Nama tempat penanaman tanaman di Arab Saudi<br />Wafa = Kesetiaan<br />Wafa’ = Kesempurnaan, merpati<br />Wafiyah, Wafiyyah = Merpati, menepati, sempurna, lengkap<br />Wahidah = Sendirian<br />Wa’ishoh = Kelompok<br />Wa’izhoh = Pemberi nasehat<br />Wajd = Waspada<br />Wajihah = Orang yang berkedudukan<br />Wardah = Bunga mawar<br />Washfa = Yang punya sifat tertentu<br />Washifah = Anak atau pelayan perempuan dibawah umur<br />Wasilah = Pendekatan diri kepada Allah, kedudukan dan pangkat<br />Wasimah = Rupawan<br />Wazirah = Mentri wanita<br />Waznah = Pencari keadilan<br />Wiaam = Harmonis<br />Widad = Kasih sayang<br />Wifaq = Kerukunan<br />Yadawiyyah = Yang pandai<br />Yafi’ah = Yang luhur, dihormati, usia muda, yg tinggi<br />Yamamah = Merpati, tujuan, nama kota di Arab<br />Yamnah = Arah/ sebelah kanan<br />Yani’ah = Matang<br />Yaqutah = Batu permata, batu-batuan surga<br />Yasirah = Mudah, sedikit<br />Yasmin = Bunga melati<br />Yumma, Yumna = Kanan<br />Yusra, Yusriyah = Mudah<br />Za’amah = Kekuasaan<br />Zabarij = Perhiasan<br />Zahidah = Rendah hati, tidak rakus dunia<br />Zahirah = Berkilau<br />Zahiyah = Elok<br />Zahra, Zahrah = Bunga<br />Zaidah, Za’idah = Suatu kelebihan<br />Za’imah = Pemimpin<br />Zainab = Putri Rasulullah SAW, pokok yang indah dan wangi<br />Za’irah = Berkunjung<br />Zaitun = Buah Zaitun<br />Zakiyah = Tumbuh dengan baik, Bersih<br />Zakhruf = Emas, Keindahan sesuatu<br />Zalfa, Zalfa’ = Kulit mutiara<br />Zamzam = Air Zamzam<br />Zanirah = Kecil dan Lembut, Tali<br />Zarinah = Nama wanita dahulu<br />Zubaidah = Tokoh wanita kerajaan Abbasiyah<br />Zuhriyah = Bunga<br />Zuhur = Bunga-bunga<br />Zulal = Tawar, Air Tawar<br />Zulfa = Kedudukan yang dekat<br />Zurarah = Nama burung<br />Zuyyin = Dijadikan indah<br /><br /><br /></div>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-53607778835182664372007-09-06T07:12:00.000-07:002011-03-08T06:32:03.125-08:00DIARIKU :: NAMA-NAMA BAYI LELAKI DI DALAM ISLAM‘Aakif = Beriktikaf<br />‘Aali = Tinggi<br />‘Aamir = Memakmurkan<br />‘Ashim = Menjauhi maksiat<br />‘Aathif = Belas kasih<br />‘Aatik = Pemurah, Yang murni<br />Abadi = Yang Kekal<br />Aban = Lebih terang, lebih nyata, bersih<br />‘Abbad = Tekun beribadah<br />Abbas = Nama paman Nabi, nama sahabat Nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Abbasy = Rajin berusaha<br /><br /><br />‘Abduh = Hamba-Nya, julukan dari Nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Abdul Alim = Hamba Allah Yang Mengetahui<br />Abdul Azim = Hamba Allah Yang Agung<br />Abdul Aziz = Hamba Allah Yang Mulia<br />Abdul Bari = Hamba Allah Yang Banyak Kebaikan<br />Abdul Basit = Hamba Allah Yang Melimpah Nikmat<br />Abdul Baqi = Hamba Allah Yang Kekal<br />Abdul Dayyan = Hamba Allah Yang Membalas<br />Abdul Jabbar = Hamba Allah Yang Tegas<br />Abdul Jalil = Hamba Allah Yang Mulia<br />Abdul Jawad = Hamba Allah Yang Pemurah<br />Abdul Fattah = Hamba Allah Yang Membuka<br />Abdul Ghafur = Hamba Allah Yang Membuka<br />Abdul Ghani = Hamba Allah Yang Pengampun<br />Abdul Hadi = Hamba Allah Yang Kaya<br />Abdul Hafiz = Hamba Allah Yang Memelihara<br />Abdul Haiy = Hamba Allah yang Hidup<br />Abdul Hak = Hamba Allah yang Sebenar<br />Abdul Hakam = Hamba Allah yang Menghukum<br />Abdul Hakim = Hamba Allah yang Bijaksana<br />Abdul Halim = Hamba Allah yang Lemah Lembut<br />Abdul Hamid = Hamba Allah yang Terpuji<br />Abdul Hanan = Hamba Allah yang Penyayang<br />Abdul Ilah = Hamba Allah, hamba Tuhan<br />Abdul Karim = Hamba Allah yang Pemurah<br />Abdul Khaliq = Hamba Allah yang Mencipta<br />Abdullah = Hamba Allah<br />Abdul Latif = Hamba Allah yang Lemah Lembut<br />Abdul Majid = Hamba Allah yang Mulia<br />Abdul Mannan = Hamba Allah yang Memberi Nikmat<br />Abdul Muhaimin = Hamba Allah yang Berkuasa<br />Abdul Mu’ati = Hamba Allah yang Memberi<br />Abdul Mun’im = Hamba Allah yang Memberi Nikmat<br />Abdul Nasir = Hamba Allah yang Menolong<br />Abdul Qadir, Abdul Qayyum = Hamba Allah yang Berkuasa<br />Abdul Qahar = Hamba Allah yang Perkasa<br />Abdul Rauf = Hamba Allah yang Pengasih<br />Abdul Rahman = Hamba Allah yang Pemurah<br />Abdul Rahim = Hamba Allah yang Penyayang<br />Abdul Rasyid = Hamba Allah yang Bijaksana<br />Abdul Razak = Hamba Allah yang Memberi Rezeki<br />Abdul Syakur = Hamba Allah yang Bersyukur<br />Abdul Samad = Hamba Allah yang Menjadi Tumpuan<br />Abdul Salam = Hamba Allah yang Penyelamat<br />Abdul Wafi = Hamba Allah yang Setia<br />Abdul Wadud = Hamba Allah yang Pengasih<br />Abdul Wahab = Hamba Allah yang Memberi<br />Abdul Warith = Hamba Allah yang Mewarisi<br />Abdul Wahid = Hamba Allah yang Esa<br />Abhar = Yang bergemerlapan, yang berseri<br />‘Abid = Yang beribadat, beribadah<br />Abidin = Yang beribadat<br />Abrar = Golongan yang berbuat kebajikan<br />Abrisam = Yang lembut/tampan<br />Absyar = Bergembira<br />Abu Bakar = Nama sahabat Nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Abu Zar = Nama sahabat Nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Abu Samah = Pemaaf, Yang bertoleransi<br />Abu Wasim = Yang tampan<br />Adabi = Kesopananku, kesusasteraan<br />Adam = Nama Nabi, ikutan, teladan<br />Ad-Daruquthni = Imam perawi hadist<br />Adham = Yang cantik, tali rantai, peninggalan Kuno<br />Adi = Nama sahabat Nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Adib = Beradab, sopan, pujangga<br />‘Adil = Adil<br />Adlan = Keadilan<br />‘Adli = Keadilanku, kelurusanku, adil<br />‘Adnan = Nama org terdahulu<br />Adwa’ = Cahaya<br />Afdhol = Lebih Utama, terbaik<br />Affan = Pendaki, nama ayah Caliph Uthman<br />Affandi = Gelar bagi orang yang berkedudukan<br />Afham = Yang pandai<br />‘Afi = Pemaaf<br />‘Afif = Punya harga diri<br />Afiq = Yang mulia<br />Afkar = Yang bijak<br />Aflah = Yang beruntung, lebih sukses<br />Afnan = Kecantikan/seri<br />Afqar = Fakir<br />Afsar = Lebih Jelas<br />Afwu = Pemaaf<br />Agha = Ketua, pimpinan<br />Aghna = Berdikari<br />Ahda = Beroleh petunjuk<br />Ahlam = Impian, kesabaran<br />Ahlami = Impianku, kelembutanku<br />Ahlan = Keselamatan<br />Ahmad = Terpuji<br />Ahmas = Yang bersemangat<br />Ahna = Yang lemah lembut<br />Ahnaf = Yang berpegang teguh pada ajaran agama, lebih suci (lurus)<br />Ahsan = Yang terbaik<br />Ahwas = Pemberani<br />Ahwaz = Yang bersungguh-sungguh<br />Ahza = Yang beruntung<br />Aibaq = Pesuruh<br />Aiyub = Nama nabi<br />Aiman = Yang bertuah, kanan<br />Aisar = Yang senang, mudah<br />Aisy = Mewah, kaya raya<br />Ajad = Berbuat baik<br />Ajmal = Cantik, molek<br />Ajwad = Yang lebih pemurah, terbaik<br />Akalil = Mahkota<br />Akbar = Yang besar<br />Akhdan = Sahabat<br />Akhtar = Yang terpilih<br />Akid = Yang kuat, teguh, tetap<br />Akif = Yang menumpukan dirinya pada sesuatu<br />‘Akif = Beri’tikaf<br />Akma = Pimpinan<br />Akmal = Sempurna, sangat pandai<br />Akram = Yang mulia, Lebih mulia<br />Akramah = Nama sahabat Nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Akwa = Yang perkasa, kuat<br />Alamar = Berlapis emas<br />Alamgir = Penakluk dunia<br />‘Alauddin = Ketinggian agama, kemuliaan agama<br />Al Baihaqi = Imam perawi hadist<br />Al Fatih = awal, pembuka, pertama<br />Alham = Beroleh ilham<br />‘Ali = Yang mulia, tinggi kedudukannya<br />Alif = Kawan rapat<br />Alim = Yang mengetahui<br />‘Alim = Berilmu<br />Aliuddin = Ketinggian agama<br />Aliyan = Yang tinggi<br />Allam = Sangat mengetahui<br />Allamah = Yang berilmu luas<br />Alma’ = Yang bergemerlapan<br />Altaf, Althaf = Baik hati, lemah lembut, lebih lembut<br />Altamis = Panglima, ketua<br />Alwan = Warna-warni<br />Alzam = Yang tekun<br />Amadi = Masa, matlamatku<br />Amad = Tujuan<br />Amal = Cita-cita, harapan<br />Amali = Cita-citaku, harapanku<br />Amaluddin = Cita-cita agama<br />Amami = Golonganku<br />Aman = Sentosa, keamanan<br />Amanat = Pertaruhan, amanah<br />Amani = Kesejahteraanku<br />Amanullah = Keamanan dari Allah<br />Amar = Yang ramai zuriat<br />Amili = Yang bekerja<br />Amin = Yang amanah, yang dipercayai, pemegang amanat<br />Aminin = Orang-orang yang aman<br />Aminuddin = Pengamanah agama<br />Amir = Putera, ketua, pemerintah, penguasa, pemimpin, makmur<br />Amiruddin = Pembela agama<br />Amjad = Mulia, soleh, lebih mulia<br />Amkrun = Orang-orang berkuasa<br />Ammar = Yang memakmurkan, yang kuat iman, penerang<br />Amnan = Tempat yang aman, ketenangan<br />Amni = Keamananku<br />Amran = Yang memakmurkan<br />Amrin = Perintah<br />Amrullah = Perintah Allah<br />Amrun = Kemakmuranku<br />Amsyar = Yang cergas<br />Amzar = Yang mulia<br />Anaqi = Keindahanku yang menawan hati<br />Anas = Kemesraan, cinta, kasih, mesra, periang<br />An’am = Yang diberi nikmat<br />Andar = Yang berseri<br />Anjab = Lebih utama dan bernilai<br />Aniq = Yang kacak lagi menawan hati<br />Anis = Yang mesra, teman setia, ramah tamah dalam pergaulan<br />An-Nasa’i = Imam perawi hadist<br />Anma = Yang maju<br />Anmar = Air yang bersih<br />Ansar = Penolong, penyokong<br />Ansari = Penolongku, penyokongku<br />Anshar = Kaum Anshar sahabat Nabi SAW<br />Antar = Berani dalam peperangan, nama pahlawan ksatria Arab<br />Anwar = Yang bercahaya, lebih bersinar, lebih bersih<br />Anwari = Cahayaku<br />‘Aqib = Balasan yang baik<br />‘Aqil = Yang baik budi, bijaksana, dapat dipercaya, pintar<br />Aqlan = Kebijakan<br />Aqhar = Yang gagah<br />Aqmar = Putih, cantik<br />Aqra = Pandai membaca<br />Arafat = Yang terkenal, kenalan<br />Arami = Panji-panji<br />Arfa = Yang tinggi, mulia<br />Arfan = Mengetahui<br />Arhab = Memanjakan, lebih lebar dan luas<br />Arham = Yang mesra<br />Arib = Yang mahir<br />‘Arif = Yang bijak, mengetahui, terpelajar, sholih, berwibawa<br />Ariffin = Yang bijak<br />‘Ariq = Baik budi, mulia asalnya, bijaksana<br />Arman = Harapan, aspirasi<br />Arqam = Nama sahabat Nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Arsalan = Nama seorang tokoh Islam<br />Arsyad = Yang sangat cerdik<br />Arumi = Asal keturunanku<br />Aryan = Kekuatan penuh<br />As’ad = Yang berbahagia<br />Asdaq = Benar<br />Asfa = Yang suci<br />Ashmah = Yang berani<br />Ashraf = Lebih luhur<br />Asif = Menggambarkan, melukiskan<br />Asil = Yang mulia, murni, bersih<br />Asir = Menawan, memikat hati, mempesona<br />Asjad = Emas, permata<br />Askari = Tentera<br />Aslam = Selamat, terkawal, masuk Islam<br />Aslah = Yang lebih baik<br />Asmah = Yang pemaaf<br />Asmai = Hati yang suci<br />Asmaan = Hati yang suci dan pendapat yang teguh<br />Asmar = Yang hitam manis<br />Asna = Yang tinggi, yang bersinar<br />Asnawi = Yang berseri, gemilang<br />Asri = Masaku, kemajuanku mengikut masa<br />Asyari = Perasaanku<br />Asyiq = Kekasih, pencinta<br />Asymawi = Pemberianku<br />Asyraaf = Yang mulia, Asyraf = lebih mulia<br />Asy’ar = Perasa, jiwa halus<br />Asyrani = Periang, kemegahanku<br />Asytar = Yang menawan<br />Ata = Pemberian, hadiah<br />Ataullah, Athallah = Karunia Allah<br />Athar = Suci, bersih<br />Athari = Yang bersih<br />‘Athif = Belas kasih<br />Athmar = Yang berjaya<br />Aththobarani = Imam perawi hadist<br />Atif = Belas Kasihan<br />‘Atik = Pemurah, yang murni<br />‘Atiq = Ka’bah, yang dimerdekakan<br />Atmam = Kesempurnaan<br />At-Tirmidzi = Imam perawi hadist<br />Atyab = Wangi<br />‘Aun = Bantuan, pertolongan<br />Aus = Pemberian<br />Aufa = Yang setia, lebih tepat<br />Auni = Ketetapanku<br />Awam = Yang tangkas<br />Awad = Gantian, pemberian<br />Awali = Pedang<br />Awadullah = Pemberian, gantian dari Allah<br />Awliya = Kekasih<br />Awraq = Yang memberi semangat<br />Awsam = Yang segak<br />Awuf = Yang wangi<br />Awwab = Yang banyak bertaubat pada Alloh<br />Awwadi = Yang bersungguh-sungguh<br />Awwal = Pandai mentakwil<br />Awwam = Perenang<br />Ayadi = Nikmat<br />Ayaz = Pekerja keras ( Persian )<br />Ayman = Beruntung, pemegang kendali yang benar<br />Aysar = Yang mudah<br />Ayyub = Nama nabi<br />Azad = Bebas, merdeka<br />Azam = Keazaman<br />Azamuddin = Keazaman agama<br />Azaim = Pelbagai azam<br />Azbin = Bersih, suci<br />Azfar = Yang berjaya, yang menang<br />Azhad = Yang zuhud<br />Azhar = Yang berseri, yang gemilang, lebih cerah<br />Azhari = Yang berseri, yang gemilang<br />Azib = Sabar dan gigih<br />Azim = Besar<br />Aziman = Keazaman<br />Aziz = Yang mulia, yang kuat, kekasih<br />Azizi = Kesayanganku, kekasihku<br />Azizan = Yang mulia, yang kuat, kekasih<br />Azka = Semakin maju, suci, bersih<br />Azman = Cita-cita, tekad<br />‘Azmi = Cita-citaku, tekadku, keteguhan hati<br />Azmil = Kawan rapat<br />Azri = Kekuatanku, penyokongku<br />Azwar = Rajin ‘<br />Azza = Perhiasan<br />‘Azzam = Kebulatan tekad, ziarah/emas<br />‘Azzan = Nama orang Dahulu<br />Baadi, Badi = Istimewa<br />Baahi, Baha = Termegah, terhebat<br />Baari = Pencipta, salah satu dari nama Alloh<br />Badar = Bulan penuh, bulan purnama<br />Badi’ = Indah<br />Badil = Pengganti<br />Badiuzzaman = Keindahan semasa<br />Badran = Bulan penuh (purnama)<br />Badri = Bulan purnamaku, mempercepat jalannya<br />Badrulmunir = Bulan bercahaya<br />Badrun = Bulan purnama<br />Badruddin = Bulan purnama agama<br />Badruz Zaman = Bulan purnama bagi jaman<br />Badrut Tamam = Bulan purnama<br />Badrut Taman = Bulan purnama yg sempurna<br />Baghawi = Nisbah<br />Bahadur = Berani, kuat<br />Bahauddin = Sinaran/ keindahan agama<br />Bahi = Indah<br />Bahij = Yang indah menawan, penggembira<br />Bahir = Elok, mempesona<br />Bahjan = Cemerlang<br />Bahjat = Kegemilangan, gembira, bahagia<br />Bahlawan = Pendaki gunung<br />Bahran = Bercahaya<br />Bahri = Kegemilanganku<br />Bahruddin = Sinaran agama<br />Bahzi = Pembelaku<br />Bais = Tentera<br />Bakhit = Yang bertuah<br />Bakhtiar = Yang bahagia<br />Bakir = Muda, pagi2 benar<br />Bakizah = Permata<br />Bakri = Pagi-pagi benar<br />Baliq = Fasih<br />Balyan = Nama auliya<br />Banan = Ujung jari<br />Banin = Yang bijak, gigih<br />Baqir = Sangat pandai, terpelajar<br />Bariq = Bercahaya, kemilau<br />Bariz = Menonjol<br />Barra = Yang bersih<br />Barzun = Utama, berani<br />Basil = Berani<br />Basim = Gembira, tersenyum, selalu tersenyum<br />Basir = Bijak, melihat<br />Basirun = Yang melihat<br />Basit = Pereka, pembuat<br />Baslan = Keberanian<br />Basri = Penglihatanku<br />Bassam = Suka tersenyum<br />Basyar = Pembawa berita baik<br />Basyarah = Indah<br />Basyir = Penyampai berita gembira<br />Basyirun = Yang melihat<br />Bayiyuddin = Sinaran agama<br />Bazil = Yang pandai<br />Bazilin = Yang menyumbang<br />Bazli = Kebijaksanaanku, kepakaranku<br />Bilal = Nama sahabat nabi, titisan embun<br />Biruni = Nama ulama besar<br />Bisyari = Kegembiraan<br />Bisyir = Berita gembira<br />Bisyrun = Berita gembira<br />Bunyamin = Nama saudara nabi yusuf<br />Budair = Berjalan cepat<br />Bukhari = Imam perawi hadist<br />Buraid = Dingin<br />Buraidah = Kesejukan<br />Burhan = Alasan, bukti, dalil, cahaya<br />Burhanuddin = Dalil/cahaya/ bukti agama<br />Busairi = Nisbah<br />Busrain = Kesegaran<br />Busran = Kabar gembira<br />Bustani = Tamanku<br />Dabir = Akar, asli, mutlak<br />Daffa = Pembela<br />Dafinah = Kekayaan yang tersembunyi<br />Dahin = Yang cerdik<br />Dahlan = Nama belakang ulama<br />Dailami = Askarku<br />Da’im = Kekal abadi<br />Da’in = Da’i, penyeru, pemanggil<br />Daisam = Lemah lembut<br />Daiyan = Hakim, pelindung, penjaga<br />Dalil = Petunjuk, pemimpin, model, teladan<br />Dana = Cerdas, bijak<br />Dani = Dekat<br />Daniyal = Nabi Alloh SWT<br />Danish = Pengetahuan, bijak<br />Daris = Pembaca, pelajar<br />Darul Muqomah = Tempat yg kekal ( surga )<br />Darwisy = Warak<br />Dasuqi = Keindahanku, cahayaku<br />Dawani = Nisbah<br />Daud = Nama Nabi Alloh SWT<br />Dhabit = Yang kuat ingatan<br />Dhafir = Menang<br />Dhahir = Yang membantu<br />Dhaifullah = Tamu Allah<br />Dhamir = Yang langsing<br />Dhamiri = Jiwaku<br />Dhiya’ = Cahaya, sinar<br />Dhiya’Ulhaq = Sina (cahaya) hak, sinaran kebenaran<br />Dhiya ‘Uddin = Cahaya agama<br />Dhiya’ur Rahman = Cahaya Yang Maha Pemurah<br />Dhobith = Cermat, kuat, hakim<br />Dhoif = Tamu<br />Dhoifullah = Tamu Alloh<br />Dhomin = Penjamin<br />Dhomir = Hati nurani<br />Dhomiri Fadhil = Hati nurani, yg utama<br />Dhomrah = Nama sahabat nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Dhori’un = Orang2 yg merendahkan diri, tunduk<br />Dhowi = Bersinar<br />Dhu’un = Cahaya terang<br />Dhukhom = Gemuk<br />Dhuyuf = Tamu<br />Difa = Pertahanan<br />Dika = Ayam jago, jantan<br />Dika Azhari = Ayam jago, bunga<br />Din = Agama, kepercayaan<br />Dini = Agamaku<br />Din Syamsudin = Matahari agama<br />Dubies = Nama pahlawan arab<br />Durrani = Permataku<br />Durar = Mutiara<br />Dzahab = Emas<br />Dzaki = Cerdas, pandai, mudah, faham<br />Dzakir = Teguh pendirian, baik/kuat harapannya<br />Dzakka’ = Cerdik<br />Dzakwan = Harum semerbak, cerdas, jenius<br />Dzal Aidi = Punya kekuatan<br />Dzalkifli, Dzulkifli = Yang punya kesanggupan<br />Dzamar = Nama seorang raja Yaman zaman dahulu<br />Dzanun = Dzun Nun ( Nabi Yunus as )<br />Dzatil’imad = Yang punya bangunan2 tinggi<br />Dziban = Penghalau, yg membantu<br />Dzikro = Pengajaran, peringatan<br />Dzil Awtad = Punya pasak2 ( tentara yg banyak )<br />Dzimar = Kehormatan diri<br />Dziyab = Memperoleh harta, serbuan<br />Dzulfiqar = Nama pedang Rasulullah SAW<br />Dzul Autad = Punya tentara yg banyak<br />Dzul Fahmi = Punya kefahaman<br />Dzul Rahman = Yang Maha Pemurah<br />Dzulfaqor = Nama pedang sahabat Ali bin Abi Thalib<br />Eshan = Dalam berkah Alloh<br />Fadal = Keutamaan<br />Fadhl = Kebaikan, kelebihan, sisa<br />Fadhali = Kelebihan, keutamaan<br />Fadhil = Orang yg berbuat kebaikan, utama, mulia<br />Fadholi = Kelebihan - keutamaan<br />Fadhlurrahman = Keutamaan dari Allah, Anugrah Arrahman<br />Fadi = Penebus<br />Fadil = Yang mulia, murah hati, yg utama<br />Fadl = Dermawan, murah hati<br />Fadlan = Keutamaan<br />Fadli = Kelebihanku, ihsanku<br />Fadlin = Keutamaan<br />Fadlullah = Kelebihan Allah<br />Faeyza = Sukses, hidupnya meningkat<br />Fahad = Harimau bintang<br />Fahd = Harimau<br />Fahim = Yang faham, memahami, pintar, rajin belajar<br />Fahmi = Kefahamanku, pemahaman<br />Fahman = Kefahaman<br />Fa’id = Tetap, berhasil, istimewa, sungguh2<br />Faiq = Tertinggi, utama, terkenal, terkemuka<br />Fairuz = Batu permata<br />Faisal, Faishal = Penyelesaian, pemisah antara hak dan batil<br />Fa’iz = Berjaya, menang<br />Fa’izin = Orang2 sukses<br />Fajar = Cahaya putih<br />Fajari = Waktu fajar<br />Fakhir = Kebesaran, yang baik, kejayaan<br />Fakhr Al Din = Kejayaan agama, kemenangan agama<br />Fakih = Menyenangkan, sedap<br />Fakhir = Kebesaran, yang baik<br />Fakhri = Kemegahanku, kebanggaan<br />Fakhruddin = Kebanggaan agama, keutamaan dari Alloh<br />Fakhrullah = Kemegahan Allah<br />Falah = Jaya, sukses, beruntung<br />Falih = Sukses<br />Fannani = Seniman<br />Faqih = Yang mengerti, ahli fiqh, bijaksana<br />Faraj = Kelonggaran, pelepasan<br />Farhan = Bergembira<br />Farhat, Farhun = Kegembiraan<br />Farid = Istimewa, permata, tiada bandingan, tunggal, permata yang mahal<br />Fariduddin = Permata agama, keistimewaan<br />Faris = Yang alim, penunggang kuda, ksatria<br />Faruq = Pembeda antara benar dan salah<br />Fasahat = Fasih, lancar<br />Fasih = Yang fasih<br />Fathi = Pembuka, kemenanganku<br />Fathuddin = Pembukaan, kejayaan agama<br />Fathul Islam = Pembuka, kejayaan Islam<br />Fathullah = Pembukaan, kejayaan Allah<br />Fathurrahman = Pembukaan, kejayaan Allah yang pengasih<br />Fatih = Pembuka, perintis, pemenang, penakluk<br />Fattah = Penakluk<br />Fauhad = Anak kecil yang gemuk<br />Fauzi = Kejayaanku<br />Fauzan = Kejayaan, kemenangan<br />Fawwaz = Berjaya<br />Fayyadh = Murah hati<br />Fidai = Pengorbanan<br />Fikri = Fikiranku, pemikir, pemikiranku<br />Firas = Kecerdikan, tajam pikiran<br />Firdaus = Nama syurga<br />Fitri = Semulajadi<br />Fuad = Hati, jiwa<br />Fuadi = Jiwaku<br />Furqan = Bukti, kenyataan, pembeda benar dan salah<br />Fudail = Kelebihanku, kemuliaan<br />Gadi = Keberuntunganku<br />Ghadi = Singa<br />Ghaffar = Sedia mengampuni, lembut hati<br />Ghaffur = Pengampun<br />Ghailan = Nama sahabat Nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Ghaisan = Rupawan<br />Ghaisani = Cantik dan muda<br />Ghali = Mahal<br />Ghalib = Yang menang<br />Ghanim = Yang mencapai kejayaan<br />Ghanimi = Kejayaanku<br />Ghani = Kaya, mewah<br />Ghassan = Kecantikan dan kelembutan remaja, nama suku arab<br />Ghaus, Ghauts = Pertolongan<br />hazali = Nama seorang sufi dan filosof muslim<br />Ghazlan = Tenunan<br />Ghazi = Pejuang<br />Ghoits = Hujan<br />Gholi = Mahal, sesuatu yg bernilai tinggi<br />Gholib = Pemenang<br />Ghomid = Pedang dlm sarungnya, nama Kabilah di Hijaz<br />Ghonam = Penjaga rampasan perang<br />Ghonim = Yang mendapat keuntungan<br />Ghosan = Sumber air di padang pasir, usia muda belia<br />Ghozi = Prajurit di medan perang, bertujuan<br />Ghufran, Ghufron = Keampunan, pengampunan<br />Ghulam = Anak muda<br />Ghulaman Zakiya = Anak muda yg suci<br />Ghulwani = Keremajaan dan kecerdasan<br />Ghulan = Remaja<br />Ghurofan = Tempat2 yg tinggi<br />Ghusun = Tangkai pohon<br />Haban Mutarokiba = Butir yg banyak<br />Habbab = Yang mengasihi<br />Habib = Kekasih, sayang, dicintai<br />Habibi = Kesayanganku<br />Hablan = Yang penuh<br />Habri = Kegembiraanku<br />Hadi = Yang memimpin, penunjuk jalan<br />Hadwan = Ketenangan<br />Hadrami = Nisbah<br />Hadad = Dewa Syria yg jantan<br />Hadari = Maju<br />Haddad = Lautan<br />Hadi = Penuntun, seseorang yg religius<br />Hadif = Yang mempunyai matlamat<br />Hafidh = Pemelihara, Penghafal<br />Hafiz = Penjaga, pelindung<br />Hafizuddin = Pemelihara agama<br />Hafuza = Pemberi semangat<br />Haidar = Berani, singa<br />Haikal = Pokok yang besar dan subur<br />Hail = Yang disegani<br />Ha’im = Yang mengelilingi<br />Haimadi = Pujian agama<br />Haiman = Yang cinta, asyik, menguasai<br />Haitham = Yang mudah, singa<br />Haiyan = Yang hidup<br />Hajaj = Pelawat<br />Hajib = Pendinding<br />Hajid = Yang sholat tahajjud<br />Hajim = Pelindung<br />Hajid = Yang sholat malam ( tahajjud )<br />Hakam = Pengadil<br />Hakim = Bijaksana<br />Hakmani = Pengadil<br />Hamad = Terpuji<br />Hamas = Berani<br />Hambali = Pengikut Imam Ahmad bin Hambali<br />Hamdan = Terpuji, pemuji Alloh<br />Hamdawi = Yang memuji<br />Hamdi = Pujianku, pujian<br />Hamdun = Terpuji, pujian<br />Hamid = Yang memuji<br />Hamiduddin = Pujian agama<br />Hamim = Teman karib<br />Hamimi = Teman karibku<br />Hamiz = Cerdik, kuat, tampan<br />Hamizan = Cerdik, kuat, tampan<br />Hamlan = Berdiri sendiri<br />Hammadi = Pemuji<br />Hammam = Yang mempunyai kemauan keras<br />Hammani = Pemberi semangat<br />Hamsyari = Anak jati watan<br />Hamud = Yang banyak memuji<br />Hamzah = Kebijaksanaan, nama paman Nabi<br />Hamzi = Ketegasanku<br />Hanafi = Kelurusanku, pengikut Imam Abu Hanifah<br />Hanania = Dikasihi Allah<br />Hani, Hani’ = Yang mengucapkan selamat<br />Hanif = Muslim yang teguh, yang lurus, bersih, suci<br />Hanin = Kesayangan<br />Hanis = Berani<br />Hanun = Kesayangan<br />Hariri = Suteraku, nisbah<br />Haris = Pengawal, pelindung<br />Hariz = Pemelihara<br />Harith = Kuat, berusaha<br />Harraz = Yang amat warak<br />Harun = Nama nabi<br />Harzan = Penjagaan<br />Hasan = Indah, baik<br />Hasbi = Yang memadai bagiku<br />Hasbullah = Jaminan Allah<br />Hashim = Nama kakek buyut Nabi<br />Hasib = Berketurunan mulia<br />Hasif = Kemas, rapi<br />Hasnain = Dua kebaikan<br />Hasnun = Yang baik<br />Hasnawi = Kecantikan<br />Hassan = Sangat baik, bagus<br />Hasyiem = Yang bermaruah<br />Hasyim = Pemurah, yang suka menjamu orang<br />Hatadi = Keaslianku<br />Hatim = Pemutus, penentu, murni, yang lurus, benar<br />Hauzan = Mahluk Manusia<br />Hawari = Pengikut setia<br />Hawwari = Penolong, bersih<br />Hawwas = Yang bersemangat<br />Haziq = Cerdik, pandai<br />Hazim = Tegas, cermat, bijak, teliti<br />Hazmi = Ketegasanku<br />Hazwan = Pemberianku<br />Hayyun = Hidup<br />Helmi = Sabar dan berakal<br />Hfiy = Yang memuliakan<br />Hibatullah = Kurnia, anugrah Alloh<br />Hibban = Ibnu Hibban Pewari Hadist<br />Hidayat = Petunjuk<br />Hidawi = Pemberian<br />Hidayatullah = Petunjuk Allah<br />Hijazi = Kebersihanku<br />Hikmat = Hikmat<br />Hilal = Bulan sabit<br />Hilman = Kesopanan, kesabaran<br />Hilmi = Kesopananku, kesabaranku<br />Himmat = Cita-cita<br />Hisham = Nama orang Arab populer<br />Hisyam = Murah hati<br />Hisyamuddin = Kemurahan agama<br />Hiwayat = Yang disukai<br />Hubaib = Kekasih<br />Hulaif = Yang setia<br />Hulawi = Yang manis/menarik<br />Humaidi = Kepujianku<br />Humam = Maharaja, memiliki jiwa kepahlawanan, dermawan<br />Humdi = Yang memuji<br />Husam = Pedang yang tajam<br />Husain = Elok, cantik, indah, baik<br />Husaini = Kebaikanku<br />Husnayan = Kemenangan, syahid<br />Husni = Indah<br />Husoin = Benteng pertahanan<br />Huwaidi = Kembali kepada yang hak<br />Huzaifah = Nama sahabat nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Huzaiman = Nama sahabat nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Ibad, Ibaad = Rajin beribadah, hamba-hamba Alloh<br />Ibkar = Pagi hari<br />Ibnu = Anak laki2<br />Ibnu Abbas = Nama sahabat dan paman Nabi Muhammad SAW, ahli tafsir<br />Ibnu Hajar = Nama ulama penyusun kitab hadits Bulughul Marom<br />Ibnu Kholdun = Filosof dan sosiolog muslim<br />Ibrahim = Nama nabi, ayah yg baik<br />Ibtisam = Senyuman<br />Idlan = Keadilan<br />Idraki = Pengetahuanku, kefahamanku<br />Idris = Nama nabi<br />Idrus = Singa<br />Iffat = Kehormatan diri<br />Iftikhar = Kehormatan, pembawa kehormatan<br />Iftiqar = Keperluan<br />Ihsan = Kebaikan<br />Ihtisyam = Kehebatan<br />Ijlal = Penghormatan, petunjuk, mulia, terhormat<br />Ikhlas = Memuliakan<br />Ikhtiari = Pilihanku<br />Ikhtiaruddin = Pilihan agama<br />Ikhwan = Persaudaraan<br />Ikram = Menghormati<br />Iktidal = Keadilan<br />Iktimad = Berserah<br />Iktisham = Tenaga<br />Ilham = Ilham, isyarat yang baik<br />Iliya = Nama nabi<br />Ilyas = Nama nabi<br />Ilyasa = Nama nabi<br />Imadi = Sokonganku<br />Imaduddin = Tiang agama<br />Imam = Pemimpin<br />Iman = Iman, keimanan<br />Imdad = Tolong, bantu, sokong<br />Imtiyaz = Pilihan<br />Imran = Budi bahasa, nama ayahanda Maryam AS<br />Inas = Kelembutan<br />Inayat = Pertolongan<br />Insaf = Kesadaran<br />Intisar = Kemenangan<br />Iqbal = Kejayaan, pujangga muslim, kemajuan<br />Iqtidar = Kekuatan, tenaga<br />Irfan = Kebijaksanaan, kesyukuran, pengetahuan<br />Irsyad = Nasihat, panduan, petunjuk<br />Irsyaduddin = Panduan agama<br />Is’ad = Beroleh taufiq<br />Isa = Nabi nabi<br />Isam = Orang sukses dengan usahanya sendiri<br />Ishak = Nama nabi<br />Isham = Maksum<br />Ishmat = Kekuatan menjauhi maksiat<br />Iskandar = Nama seorang raja<br />Islam = Kesejahteraan<br />Islah = Pembetulan<br />Isma = Pemelihara<br />Ismail = Nama nabi<br />Ismat = Ketulinan, kesucian<br />‘Ismat = Kekuatan menjauhi maksiat<br />Israr = Persendirian<br />Istafa = Pilih, suka<br />Isyhad = Penyaksian<br />Isyraf = Pengganti, pengawasan<br />Isyraq = Memberi sinar<br />Ithar = Mengasihi orang lain<br />I’tishom = Menjauhkan diri dari perbuatan maksiat<br />Iwadh = Pengganti<br />Iyad = Sokongan, kekuatan, gunung yang sukar didaki<br />Izdihar = Perkembangan, kemajuan<br />Izdiyad = Pertambahan<br />Izz = Kekuatan<br />Izzan = Kepatuhan<br />Izzat = Kemuliaan<br />Izzudin, Izzuddin = Kemuliaan agama<br />Izzul Haq = Kemuliaan yang haq, sebenar-benarnya kemuliaan<br />Izzul Islam = Kemuliaan Islam<br />Jaad = Sungguh2, dermawan<br />Jaafar = Anak sungai<br />Jaballah = Hadiah Allah<br />Jabalun = Gunung, bukit<br />Jabir, Jabr = Pemberi kenyamanan, penghibur<br />Jabil = Yang kreatif<br />Jabran = Pengganti, pembetul<br />Jabri = Pertolonganku<br />Jabrullah = Pertolongan Allah<br />Jadid = Baru<br />Jadir = Pemurah<br />Jadulhaq = Jalan kebenaran<br />Jaffan = Yang terkawal<br />Jafin = Yang mengawal<br />Jafni = Kawalanku dari kejahatan<br />Jahdi = Kemampuan<br />Jahid = Yang berusaha<br />Jahran = Yang tangkas<br />Jaiz, Ja’iz = Boleh<br />Jalal = Kemuliaan, keagungan, semarak, cahaya, keindahan<br />Jalaluddin = Kemulian agama<br />Jali = Yang nyata<br />Jalil = Yang mulia<br />Jalud = Kuat dan sabar<br />Jamal = Kecantikan, keindahan, cemerlang<br />Jamali = Kecantikanku<br />Jamaluddin = Keindahan agama<br />Jamalullail = Keindahan malam<br />Jam’an = Kesatuan, 2 pasukan<br />Jamhari = Kelompok manusia<br />Jamil = Yang tampan, indah<br />Jamri = Perhimpunanku<br />Jamsyir = Kecantikan<br />Jarir = Tempat bertumpu<br />Jaris = Karunia Allah<br />Jarullah = Tetangga Allah<br />Jasim = Badan, Fisik<br />Jasir = Keberanian<br />Jauhar = Permata<br />Jauhari = Permataku<br />Jauni = Keputihan, siang<br />Jauzan = Pertengahan<br />Jawad, Jawwad = Murah hati, pemurah<br />Jawahir = Permata<br />Jazali = Kegembiraanku<br />Jazil = Besar, banyak<br />Jazim = Mempastikan<br />Jazli = Fasih<br />Jazman = Tekad bulat<br />Jazmi = Tekad yang kukuh<br />Jazlan = Gembira, riang<br />Jazman = Tekad yang kukuh<br />Jazuli = Nisbah<br />Jihad, Jihadi = Perjuangan<br />Jihan = Kemegahan<br />Jilani = Penyiaranku<br />Jiratullah = Bantuan Allah<br />Jiwari = Jaminanku<br />Jiyad = Yang Baik<br />Juani = Sinaranku<br />Jubair = Pertolongan, nama ulama besar<br />Jubran = Nama sastrawan<br />Jufri = Keluasan, di tengah<br />Juhair = Suara Nyaring, Lantang<br />Juhlan = Yang termulia<br />Juman = Mutiara<br />Jumani = Mutiaraku<br />Junaid = Tentara<br />Junaidi = Tentaraku<br />Junaidun = Tentera<br />Jundi = Prajurit<br />Juwaidi = Keelokanku<br />Kaab, Ka’ab = Kemuliaan, terhormat<br />Kabir = Agung, besar<br />Kadar = Berkekuatan penuh<br />Kadhim = Menahan Diri<br />Kadin = Teman, rekan, kawan<br />Kahla = Dewasa<br />Kailani = Nama seorang ulama, nama kitab Shorof<br />Kafil = Penjamin<br />Kafila = Saksi<br />Kalim = Ahli pidato<br />Kalimatullah = Kalimat Alloh<br />Kamal = Kesempurnaan<br />Kamaluddin = Kesempurnaan agama<br />Kamaruddin = Bulan agama<br />Kamaruzzaman = Bulan masa<br />Kamarul Arifin = Bulan orang arif<br />Kamil = Sempurna<br />Karami = Kemuliaanku<br />Karim = Yang mulia<br />Kariman = Haji dan jihad<br />Karman = Kemuliaan<br />Kasir = Melimpah, banyak<br />Katib = Juru tulis<br />Kazhim = Menahan diri<br />Kazim = Penyabar<br />Khabir = Yang mengetahui dengan sebenarnya, pakar, berpengalaman<br />Khadim = Sukarelawan<br />Khairan = Kebaikan<br />Khairani = Kebaikanku<br />Khair, Khairi = Kebaikan, kebajikanku<br />Khairin = Kebaikan<br />Khairul Anwar = Cahaya yang baik<br />Khairuddin = Sebaik-baik agama, kebaikan agama<br />Khairullah = Kebaikan dari Allah<br />Khairul Amirin = Sebaik-baik pembina<br />Khairul Anam = Sebaik-baik manusia<br />Khairul Harisin = Sebaik-baik pengawal<br />Khairul Ikhwan = Persaudaraan yang baik<br />Khairun Nas = Sebaik-baik manusia<br />Khairul Zaman = Sebaik-baik masa<br />Khaizuran = Ketua, pemimpin<br />Khalaf = Anak yang baik, pengganti, ulama<br />Khalas = Yang selamat<br />Khadhi = Orang yg rendah hati<br />Khairi Habibullah = Kebaikan, kekasih Alloh<br />Khairul Anam = Sebaik-baik manusia<br />Khairul Hadi = Sebaik-baik yang memberi petunjuk<br />Khairul Jamal = Sebaik-baik keindahan<br />Khairul Umam = Sebaik-baik umat, nama seorang seniman<br />Khaldun = Kekal, nama seorang ahli sejarah<br />Khalid (Abd) = Yang kekal<br />Khalil = Sahabat, Kesayangan<br />Khalifah = Pengganti, wakil<br />Khalili = Sahabat<br />Khalis, Khalish = Suci, ikhlas, murni<br />Khallad = Yang kekal<br />Khan = Ketua, pemimpin<br />Khasyi = Orang yg khusu’ dlm sholat<br />Khattab, Khatthab, Khatib, Khathib = Ahli pidato<br />Khawatim = Akhir, cincin<br />Khayam = Pembuat khemah<br />Khayru = Lebih baik<br />Khazin = Penyimpan harta negara, bendahara<br />Khazindar = Penjaga kekayaan<br />Khidir = Nama nabi, orang shaleh kawan Nabi Musa AS<br />Khilfi = Pengganti<br />Khithoba = Berbicara<br />Khiyar = Pilihan terbaik<br />Khobir = Yang mengetahui dengan sebenarnya, ahli mengetahui<br />Khosyi = Orang yang khusyu’ dalam shalat<br />Khodhi’ = Orang yang rendah hati<br />Khodim = Jejaka<br />Khofiqur Ruh = Yang menarik hati<br />Khoir = Baik, lebih baik<br />Khoiri, Khoiron = Kebaikan<br />Khoir Sholih = Baik, sholih<br />Khoiruddin = Yang baik agamanya<br />Khoirul Anam = Sebaik-baik makhluk<br />Khoirullah = Kebaikan dari Alloh<br />Khoirun Maqoma = Lebih baik tempat tinggalnya<br />Khoirun Marodda = Lebih baik kesudahannya<br />Khoirun Nuzula = Hidangan yg lebih baik<br />Khola’ifal Ardhi = Penguasa-penguasa di muka bumi<br />Khorulfashilin = Pemberi keputusan yang baik<br />Khozin = Penyimpan harta<br />Khuararizmi = Nisbah<br />Khudari = Nisbah<br />Khumaini = Pandangan yang jauh<br />Khursyid = Matahari<br />Khuwailid = Kekal<br />Kiram = Mulia<br />Kiraman = Mulia<br />Labib = Cerdik, munasabah, bijaksana, cerdas<br />Labid = Nama sahabat nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Lahmuddin = Kekuatan agama<br />La’iq = Yang layak<br />Lais = Berani<br />Lamani = Kegemilanganku<br />Lamih = Mengkilat<br />Lami’ = Mengkilat<br />Lamin = Kepercayaan<br />Lathif = Halus budi, sopan<br />Latif = Lembut, bersopan<br />Lazim, Lazman = Tetap<br />Liaqat = Kebolehan, keupayaan<br />Libasut Taqwa = Pakaian taqwa<br />Lisana Shidqin = Buah tutur yang baik<br />Liwauddin = Panji agama<br />Liwaun Nasari = Panji kemenangan<br />Lizam = Yang mendiami<br />Lu’ay = Nama seorang datuk Nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Lubaid = Yang kaya<br />Lubawi = Yang pintar<br />Lujain, Lujaini = Keputihan, perak<br />Lukman, Luqman = Nama nabi, bijaksana, jalan yg jelas<br />Luqmanul Hakim = Luqman yang bijaksana<br />Lutfan = Lemah lembut<br />Luthfi = Keramah-tamahan<br />Luthfi Hamid = Keramah-tamahan yang terpuji<br />Luthfi Yazid = Keramah-tamahan, bertambah<br />Lutfi = Kehalusanku, lembut<br />Lutfilah = Taufik Allah<br />Lutfil Hadi = Taufik Allah Yang Hadi<br />Lutfir Rahman = Pertolongan Allah<br />Luth = Nama nabi<br />Luzman = Tetap<br />Ma’ayisy = Penghidupan, keperluan2 hidup<br />Maajid = Mulia<br />Maalik = Yang memiliki<br />Maamar = Kemakmuran<br />Maarif = Kecantikan, pengetahuan<br />Maasyir = Pandai bergaul<br />Mabruk = Yang diberkati<br />Mabrur = Membuat kebajikan<br />Madani = Kemajuan<br />Mahadhir = Menulis kebaikan<br />Mahasin = Kebaikan<br />Mahamid = Pujian, terpuji<br />Mahbub = Dikasihi, disukai, dicintai<br />Mahdi = Yang mendapat hidayah<br />Mahfuz = Terpelihara<br />Mahir = Pakar<br />Mahmud = Terpuji<br />Mahran = Kebijaksanaan<br />Mahrus = Yang dijaga<br />Mahzuz = Bernasib baik<br />Ma’in = Air mengakir yg sangat jernih<br />Maisur = Yang senang<br />Majad = Kemuliaan<br />Majdi = Kemuliaanku, kemuliaan<br />Majduddin = Kemuliaan agama<br />Majid = Dihormati<br />Makarim = Kemuliaan<br />Makhlad = Yang kekal<br />Makhluf = Maju<br />Ma’mun = Aman, yg dapat dipercaya<br />Malazi = Tempat perlindungan<br />Ma’lum = Yang diketahui<br />Mamduh = Terpuji<br />Manaf = Ketinggian, kenaikan<br />Manan = Pemurah<br />Mansur = Pemenang, yang mendapat pertolongan<br />Manzur = Yang boleh diterima, dipersetujui<br />Maqbul = Diterima, dipersetujui<br />Mar’ie = Terpelihara<br />Marjan = Batu karang<br />Marzuq = Yang mendapat rezeki<br />Marzuqi = Rezekiku<br />Marwan = Urusan yang lurus, seorang Khalifah dari Bani Umayyah<br />Masrur = Yang riang, suka<br />Masyhur = Kesohor<br />Masykur = Yang bersyukur<br />Mas’ud = Bertuah, bahagia<br />Masyhad = Kesaksian<br />Masyahadi = Persaksianku, tuntutanku<br />Masyruh = Lapang dada<br />Masun = Yang terpelihara<br />Matlub = Cita-cita<br />Maula = Pemimpin<br />Maulawi = Yang berzuhud (Maulana)<br />Mawardi = Nisbah, air mawarku<br />Mazhud = Yang zuhud<br />Maziz = Mulia<br />Miftah = Pembuka, perintis<br />Mifzal = Teramat mulia<br />Mikbad = Ibadah<br />Mikdam = Berani<br />Mikyad = Yang bertaubat<br />Minhaj = Acara, biasa<br />Mirza = Anak yang baik<br />Misbah = Pelita, cahaya<br />Mizwar = Rajin berkunjung<br />Muammar = Panjang umur<br />Muawiyah = Nama sahabat Nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Muayyad = Kuat, menang<br />Muaz = Nama sahabat Nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Muazzam = Dihormati, disanjungi<br />Mubarak = Yang diberkahi<br />Mubasyir = Pembawa petanda yang baik<br />Mubin = Sinar, jernih<br />Mudrik = Berakal, memahami<br />Mughis = Penolong<br />Muhaimin = Yang memelihara dan mengawal<br />Muhajir = Yang berhijrah<br />Muhammad = Yang terpuji, di rahmati<br />Muharram = Bulan Muharram<br />Muhazzab = Terdidik<br />Muhibbuddin = Pengasih agama<br />Muhsin = Yang berbuat kebaikan<br />Muhib = Kekasih, peminat<br />Muhtadi = Beroleh hidayah<br />Muhyiddin = Yang menghidupkan agama<br />Muinuddin = Pembela agama<br />Muizzuddin = Penyokong agama<br />Mujahid = Pejuang Islam<br />Mujib = Penyahut<br />Mujibuddin = Penyahut agama<br />Mujibur = Penyahut seruan Allah Yang Maha Pengasih<br />Mujtaba = Yang terpilih<br />Muktasim = Terjaga<br />Mukhtar = Terpilih<br />Mukti = Pemberani<br />Mu’min = Seorang yang beriman<br />Mulhim = Pemberi inspirasi<br />Munabbih = Pemberi peringatan<br />Muntasir = Pemenang<br />Munawwar = Berkilau<br />Munawwir = Bersinar<br />Munir = Yang menerangi<br />Munsif = Adil, bijaksana, jujur<br />Muntazar = Yang diawasi<br />Munzir = Yang memberi amaran<br />Muqtadir = Yang berkemampuan<br />Muqri = Ahli ibadat<br />Murad = Keinginan, cita, tujuan, maksud<br />Muradi = Harapanku<br />Mursil = Wakil<br />Mursyid = Pembimbing, guru, pemberi petunjuk<br />Murtadho = Diridhoi<br />Mus’ab = Nama sahabat nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Musa = Nama nabi<br />Mus’ad = Yang bahagia<br />Musaid = Penolong<br />Musawi = Yang adil<br />Musayyad = Nama sahabat nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Muslih = Yang membaiki, membuat perubahan<br />Muslihin = Yang memulihkan<br />Muslihuddin = Pemulih agama<br />Muslim = Menyerah diri kepada Allah<br />Mustafa, Mushthafa = Terpilih<br />Mustaqim = Yang lurus<br />Musyrif = Tinggi, pengawas<br />Mutalib = Yang menuntut dari masa ke semasa<br />Muwaffaq = Untung<br />Muzaffar = Kemenangan<br />Naashif = Adil, insyaf, pelayan<br />Nabawi = Bersifat kenabian<br />Nabhan = Perwira, berwaspada, mulia, terkenal<br />Nabih = Cerdik, Mulia<br />Nabihan = Mulia, masyhur<br />Nabil = Yang cerdik, mulia, mahir, dermawan, bijaksana, seseorang penuh kehormatan<br />Nadhir = Indah, elok<br />Nadhmi = Teratur, disiplin<br />Nadi = Tempat pertemuan<br />Nadir = Berseri-seri<br />Nadhif = Bersih<br />Nadhim = Pengatur<br />Nadhir = Indah, elok<br />Nadim = Rekan, sahabat<br />Nafil = Tambahan<br />Nafis = Bernilai, berharga<br />Nafiz = Yang melaksanakan<br />Nafi’ = Yang berguna<br />Nahar = Keluasan sungai<br />Nahdan = Kebangkitan<br />Nahid = Anak dalam masa puber<br />Nahlan = Berbisa<br />Naif = Tinggi, berkedudukan, menonjol<br />Nail, Na’il = Yang suka memberi, penyelesai masalah<br />Naim, Na’im = Kesenangan, kenikmatan<br />Najah = Kemenangan<br />Najdat = Berani<br />Naji = Selamat, Onta yang lari cepat<br />Najib = Keturunan yang mulia, utama, bernilai<br />Najid = Gagah, berani<br />Najih = Yang menang<br />Najmi = Bintang, bintangku<br />Najmuddin = Bintang agama<br />Najmussabah = Bintang subuh<br />Najwan = kemenangan<br />Naqib = Yang menjamin<br />Naqiuddin = Kebersihan agama<br />Nasab = Keturunan mulia<br />Nashif = Adil, insaf, pelayan<br />Nashir = Penolong, pembela<br />Nashiruddin = Penolong Agama<br />Nashrullah = Kemenangan dari Alloh<br />Nasih = Pemberi nasehat, setia, loyal, ikhlas<br />Nasim = Angin sepoi-sepoi<br />Nasr, Nasir, Nasran = Pertolongan<br />Nashrullah = Kemenangan dari Allah<br />Nasiruddin = Pembela agama<br />Nasri = Pertolonganku, kemenanganku<br />Nasrat = Kemenangan<br />Nasruddin = Pertolongan agama<br />Nasrullah = Pertolongan Allah<br />Nasrul Haq = Pertolongan kebenaran<br />Nasif = Yang insaf<br />Nasyat = Kecergasan<br />Naufal = Dermawan<br />Nawaf = Tinggi<br />Nawi = Ketua<br />Nawab = Pemimpin, pemerintah<br />Nawaf = Nama populer orang Arab<br />Nawfal = Nama populer orang Arab<br />Nawwaf = Yang menonjolkan<br />Nawwar = Pemberi cahaya<br />Nazhan = Jauh dari yang dieji<br />Nazim = Penyajak<br />Nazmi = Bintangku, keindahanku<br />Nazri = Pandanku<br />Nazran = Persembahan untuk Allah<br />Nazir = Bandingan<br />Nazih = Yang bersih, bersih dari noda cacat<br />Nikmat = Rahmat<br />Nidal = Perjuangan, menang<br />Nidham = Peraturan<br />Nizam = Peraturan<br />Nizar = Yang memerintah, sedikit berbicara, sedikit memberi<br />Niamuddin = Peraturan agama<br />Niyaz = Doa, harapan<br />Nuh = Nama nabi<br />Numan = Darah<br />Nu’man = Kebaikan, kenikmatan<br />Nuaim = Nikmat<br />Nufail = Pemberian, hadiah<br />Nuri = Cahayaku, bercahaya<br />Nurhan = Cahaya raja<br />Nuruddin = Cahaya agama<br />Nurul Haq = Cahaya kebenaran<br />Nurul Hidayah = Cahaya petunjuk<br />Nusari = Pertolongan<br />Nurul Islam = Cahaya Islam<br />Nuwair = Cahaya<br />Qabus = Orang yg gagah, tampan dan baik kulitnya<br />Qa’id = Pemimpin<br />Qadir = Kemampuan<br />Qaiser = Raja<br />Qani’ = Puas<br />Qarin = Yang dekat, teman<br />Qashid = Yang menuju pd kemudahan<br />Qasim = Orang yg memberi<br />Qaulalhaq = Perkataan yang benar<br />Qiyaman = Pokok kehidupan<br />Qobus = Lelaki berwajah tampan<br />Qoid, Qo’id = Pemimpin<br />Qosim = Ganteng, yang membagi<br />Qosiim = Yang molek, bagian<br />Qudamah = Lama, dahulu<br />Quraisy = Suku bangsa arab asal Rasulullah SAW<br />Qushayyi = Jauh pemikirannya, nama nenek moyang Nabi<br />Quthb, Qutub = Pemimpin, kutub<br />Rabah = Usaha, keuntungan<br />Rafaat = Sangat lembut, cinta<br />Rabbani = Arif dan soleh<br />Rabbi’ = Musim semi<br />Rabiti = Yang zahid<br />Raidi = Pelopor<br />Radi = Yang ridha<br />Rafa = Bahagia<br />Rafi, Rafi’ = Tinggi derajatnya<br />Rafidan = Sungai Dajlah dan Furat<br />Rafid = Penolong, pengawal, pemberi<br />Rafie = Tinggi dan mulia<br />Rafiq = Pendamping<br />Rafiqi = Pendampingku<br />Rafiqin = Pendamping<br />Rafiuddin = Pendukung agama<br />Raghib = Yang menyukai<br />Rahimi = Kesayanganku<br />Rahman = Pemurah<br />Rahmani = Kesayanganku<br />Rahmi = Belas kasih<br />Rahmuni = Yang penyayang<br />Rahmat = Rahmat, belas kasihan<br />Rahmatullah = Rahmat Allah<br />Raid = Perintis, ketua, pemimpin<br />Raihan = Bunga surga, tumbuhan yg harum<br />Raimi = Keutamaanku<br />Raif = Pengasih<br />Rais = Ketua<br />Raiyan = Yang puas<br />Raja’ = Harapan<br />Rajab = Bulan Rajab<br />Rajauddin = Harapan agama<br />Rajaie = Harapanku<br />Rajih = Timbangan yang mantap<br />Rakin = Dihormati<br />Ramadhan = Bulan Ramadhan<br />Rami = Penuh kasih<br />Ramli = Penelitianku<br />Raihan = Wangi, harum<br />Ramzi = Lambangku<br />Rana, Rania = Kesukaan, kesenangan<br />Raqilla = Yang selalu berbuat kebajikan<br />Rashad = Kedewasaan, berperasaan baik<br />Rashin = Yang bagus, yang tetap<br />Rasin = Yang mantap<br />Rasmi = Yang rasmi, lukisanku<br />Rasuli = Wakilku, utusanku<br />Rasyad = Memperoleh petunjuk<br />Rasydan = Mendapat petunjuk<br />Rasyid = Petunjuk, cerdas, mendapat petunjuk<br />Rauf = Pengasuh, bermurah hati<br />Rauhillah = Rahmat Alloh<br />Rawi = Tubuh serta akal yang sihat<br />Raqib = Penjaga, pengawal<br />Rawiyani = Keindahanku<br />Razi = Nisbah<br />Razin = Berakhlak, serius dlm perilaku<br />Raziq (Abd) = Hamba yang murah rezeki<br />Riyad = Taman yang subur makmur<br />Rida = Keredhaan<br />Ridauddin = Keridhaan agama<br />Ridha = Kepuasan hati, ridho<br />Ridwan = Keridhaan<br />Ridhwan = Keridhoan Allah<br />Riffat = Pangkat yang tinggi<br />Rifai = Yang tinggi dan mulia<br />Rif’at = Ketinggian<br />Rifid = Penolong<br />Rifqi = Lemah lembut, kawan pendamping<br />Riman = Kijang<br />Riyadh = Taman<br />Rizqullah = Rejeki dari Alloh<br />Ruknuddin = Sendi agama<br />Ruslan = Wakil, penyampai<br />Rusli = Wakilku<br />Rustam = Berani, kuat<br />Rusydi = Kecerdikanku, penunjuk jalan lurus<br />Rusyaidi = Yang cerdik<br />Rusydan = Petunjuk<br />Rusyduddin = Kelurusan agama<br />Ruwaidi = Angin sepoi-sepoi<br />Ruzain = Tempat ketenteramanku<br />Sa’adah = Kebahagiaan<br />Saadan = Kebahagiaan<br />Saad = Bahagia<br />Saaduddin = Agama yang membahagiakan<br />Saadi = Kebahagiaanku<br />Sa’airollah = Syiar2 Alloh<br />Sabalik = Sepotong emas, perak<br />Sab’atuabhur = 7 laut<br />Sabikah = Penambang emas, nama sahabat Nabi SAW<br />Sa’danah = Burung merpati, kebahagiaan<br />Sa’di = Bahagia<br />Sa’diyah = Kebahagiaan<br />Sa’dun = Kebahagian<br />Sabahi = Ketua pejuang<br />Sabiq = Yang mendahului<br />Sabiq = Yang mengalahkan, Yang mendahului<br />Sabil = Jalan<br />Sabit = Yang baik, pemurah<br />Sabir = Yang sabar<br />Sabqi = Keutamaanku<br />Sabran = Kesabaran<br />Sabri = Kesabaranku<br />Sadad = Kejujuranku, bertindak tepat<br />Sadat = Pimpinan<br />Sa’di = Bahagia<br />Sadid = Benar, tepat<br />Sadiq = Yang benar, jujur, berkata sesuai kenyataan<br />Sadruddin = Pemimpin agama<br />Sa’dun = Bahagia<br />Safaraz = Dihormati<br />Safiy = Yang bersih dan jujur<br />Safiuddin = Kesucian agama<br />Safir = Wakil, duta besar<br />Safwan = Bersih, ikhlas, nama populer orang Arab<br />Saghir = Yang mengikut<br />Sahar = Akhir malam sebelum fajar<br />Sahil = Mudah, senang<br />Sahlan = Mudah, senang<br />Sahnon = Kehalusan<br />Sahli = Kemudahanku<br />Sa’i = Yang berjalan cepat, yang berusaha<br />Said = Bahagia<br />Sa’ud = Bahagia<br />Saidun = Yang berbahagia<br />Saif = Pedang<br />Saifuddin = Pedang agama<br />Saiful Islam = Pedang Islam<br />Saifullah = Pedang Allah<br />Sa’ihat = Yang berpuasa<br />Sajid = Orang yang sujud<br />Sakhawi = Kemurahan hati<br />Sakinah = Ketenangan, ketentraman<br />Salam = Keselamatan, keamanan<br />Salamat = Kesejahteraan<br />Salim = Selamat, terkawal<br />Saliman = Kesejahteraan<br />Salman = Selamat, terkawal<br />Salahuddin = Kebaikan agama<br />Salam = Kesejahteraan, keselamatan, keamanan<br />Samad = Serba baik<br />Samah = Toleransi<br />Samhari = Lembing yang keras<br />Sami = Tinggi kedudukannya<br />Samih = Pemaaf, pemurah, lemah lembut, toleran<br />Samir, Samirah = Penghibur, teman ngobrol<br />Samran = Pertolongan<br />Sama’an = Yang patuh<br />Samir = Penghibur, teman ngobrol<br />Sam’un = Pendengaran<br />Sanad = Tempat bergantung<br />Sanim = Yang derajatnya tinggi<br />Saniy = Yang tinggi, mulia<br />Sarah = Istri Nabi Ibrahim as<br />Sarhan = Kemudahan<br />Sarwan = Mempunyai kemuliaan dan kemurahan<br />Satir = Orang yang menutupi Aib dan dosa<br />Sattar = Menutup cela, aib<br />Sa’ud = Bahagia<br />Sayid = Tuan, kepala kaum, pemimpin<br />Shabhi = Pagi hari<br />Shabih = Bagus<br />Shabir, Shabur = Penyabar<br />Shabri = Sabar<br />Shaddam = Benturan<br />Shadiq = Benar, jujur<br />Shafar = Bulan Safar<br />Shafi = Jernih<br />Shafiy = Tenteram suci<br />Shafwan = Teman akrab, cinta ikhlas<br />Shahib = Teman<br />Shaib = Tepat mengenai sasaran<br />Shalah = Perbaikan, kebaikan<br />Shalahuddin = Kebaikan agama<br />Shalih = Baik<br />Sharaf = Kehormatan<br />Sharim = Berani, pedang tajam<br />Shibghotallah = Fitrah ALloh<br />Shiddiqin = Orang2 yg benar dlm ucapan dan perbuatan<br />Shidiq = Selalu membenarkan, julukan utk sahabat Abu Bakar<br />Shidqi, Shidqie = Benar, jujur<br />Shobhi = Pagi hari<br />Shobir = Penyabar<br />Shodiq = Benar, Jujur<br />Shofi = Jernih<br />Shohib = Teman<br />Shoib = Tepat mengenai sasaran<br />Shorim = Berani, Pedang Tajam, Singa<br />Shakil = Indah<br />Shalah = Perbaikan, kebaikan<br />Shaleh = Baik<br />Shiddiq = Membenarkan<br />Shidqi = Benar, Jujur<br />Shofwan = Teman akrab, cinta ikhlas<br />Siddiq = Yang membenarkan<br />Sidqi = Kebenaranku<br />Silmi = Kedamaianku<br />Sinwan = Kembar<br />Siraj = Pelita, lampu<br />Sirajuddin = Pelita agama<br />Sirhan = Berani, singa<br />Sirin = Nama seorang tabi’ie<br />Soleh = Yang baik<br />Solihin = Yang baik<br />Solihan = Yang baik<br />Subhi = Subuh<br />Su’da = Bahagia<br />Sufyan = Nama sahabat nabi Muhammad SAW, nama tokoh ulama<br />Suhaib = Kemerah-meraha<br />Suhail = Senang, mudah<br />Suhaili = Kemudahanku<br />Sukainah = Tenang, tentram<br />Sulaim = Sejahtera<br />Sulaiman = Nama nabi, sejahtera<br />Sulaimi = Kesejahteraanku<br />Sulhidar = Bersenjata<br />Sulaimah = Selamat<br />Sulwan = Kepuasan<br />Sulthan = Suktan, bukti yang kuat<br />Sunbul = Tangkai, Nama Binatang<br />Sunni = Penganut ajaran sunah nabi saw<br />Surur = Kegembiraan<br />Suud = Bahagia<br />Suwadi = Rahasiaku<br />Suhaid = Lembut, tampan<br />Sufi = Ahli tasawuf<br />Sulthan = Sultan, Bukti yang kuat<br />Sya’a’irillah = Syi’ar2 Alloh<br />Sya’ban = Bulan Sya’ban<br />Syabibi = Berusia antara 15 dan 30 tahun<br />Syabil = Bintang<br />Syaddad = Yang perkasa<br />Syadi = Pandai bersyair dan bernyanyi<br />Syafaat = Pembelaan, pertolongan<br />Syafi = Penyembuh<br />Syafii = Penganut Imam Syafii<br />Syafiq = Penyayang, belas kasih<br />Syafi’ = Memberi syafa’at<br />Syahid = Mati Syahid<br />Syahin = Burung yang panjang sayapnya<br />Syahir = Terkenal<br />Syahiran = Terkenal<br />Syahabuddin = Bintang agama<br />Syahid = Mati syahid<br />Syahin = Tiang neraca<br />Syahmi = Mulia, berani, bijak<br />Syaiban = Mendung bersalju<br />Syakib = Nama tokoh muslim<br />Syakir = Bersyukur, pengenang budi<br />Syalia = Penghibur hati<br />Syamil = Menyeluruh<br />Syamini = Keharuman yang tinggi<br />Syamlan = Memilih kurma yang masak<br />Syammas = Pelayan ibadah<br />Syamsi = Matahariku<br />Syamsir = Pedang<br />Syamsul Bahri = Matahari lautan<br />Syamsulhadi = Matahari petunjuk<br />Syamsuddin = Matahari agama<br />Syamsuzaman = Matahari/ pelita masa<br />Syaraf = Kemuliaan<br />Syarafat = Harga diri<br />Syarafuddin = Yang mulia agamanya<br />Syarahil = Nama khabilah<br />Syarbini = Nama Pohon, Nama Ulama Besar<br />Sya’rani = Nisbah Syukran = Kesyukuran<br />Syarif = Dipuji, mulia<br />Syarifuddin = Kemuliaan agama<br />Syaukat = Kekuasaan<br />Syauqi = Rinduku<br />Syawal = Bulan syawal<br />Syazani = Kecergasanku<br />Syazwan = Haruman kasturi<br />Syazwi = Keharumanku<br />Syihab = Pecahan bintang, meteor<br />Syihabuddin = Bintang agama<br />Syuaib = Nama nabi<br />Syu’bah = Nama sahabat nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Syubli = Anak singa<br />Syuja’ = Pemberani<br />Syukri = Kesyukuran<br />Syukur = Kesyukuran<br />Syuruq = Terbitnya matahari<br />Syuwari = Kecantikanku<br />Tabari = Nama ulama<br />Taba’un = Yang menurut<br />Tabi’un = Yang mengikut<br />Tabrani = Nama ulama<br />Tadwin = Pencatatan<br />Taha = Tertentu, nama nabi<br />Tahir = Yang bersih dan murni<br />Tahsin = Menghiasi, perbaikan<br />Tahfiz = Usaha menghafaz<br />Taib = Yang baik<br />Ta’ib = Yang bertaubat<br />Ta’iq = Yang rindu<br />Taisir = Memudahkan, kemudahan<br />Tafhim = Usaha memahami<br />Tahzir = Usaha memberi peringatan<br />Tajuddin = Mahkota agama<br />Tajuzzaman = Mahkota masa<br />Tal’ah = Tampil, maju<br />Talal = Keindahan<br />Tal’at = Ketinggian<br />Talhah = Nama sahabat nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Talib = Penuntut<br />Tamam = Kesempurnaan, sempurna<br />Tamim = Kejadian sempurna, orang yang kuat<br />Tamrin = latihan, pembiasaan<br />Tamamul Qamar = Bulan purnama<br />Taqi = Bertakwa<br />Taqiuddin = Bertaqwa untuk agama, takwa dalam agama<br />Taqris = Berperisa<br />Tarif = Istimewa<br />Tariq = Bintang subuh, pengetuk hati<br />Tasnif = Mengarang<br />Tasnim = Air terjun dalam syurga<br />Taufiq = Pertolongan, petunjuk<br />Taufiq Alhakim = Taufiq (Allah) yang Hakim (bijaksana)<br />Taufiq Arrahman = Taufiq (Allah) Maha Pengasih<br />Taufiqillah = Petunjuk Allah<br />Tauhid = Kemurnian Iman ( Keesaan Allah )<br />Tauqan = Kemampuan hati<br />Tawadu = Merendah hati<br />Ta’wilul Ahadits = Tabir mimpi<br />Thabit = Yang tabah<br />Thabrani = Nama periwayat hadits<br />Thabrani Ismail = Nama periwayat hadits<br />Thaha = Dua huruf permulaan surat<br />Thahir = Bersih, Suci<br />Thalal = Keindahan, Keadaan yang baik<br />Thalib = Penuntut Ilmu, Yang Mencari<br />Thamin = Yang tinggi nilainya<br />Thamir = Berjaya, berbuah<br />Thaqif = Bijak dan cepat faham<br />Tharwan, Tharwat = Kekayaan<br />Thauri = Revolusi<br />Thifal = Lembut<br />Thilal = Embun, hujan gerimis<br />Thin Lazib = Tanah liat<br />Tho’il = Kemampuan<br />Thomi = Tinggi<br />Thoriq = Orang yang mengetuk malam hari<br />Thoyyib = Baik<br />Thubat = Pahlawan<br />Thufail = Lembut, Halus<br />Tijani = Mahkota<br />Tsab = Tetap, lurus, tak goyah<br />Tsabat = Keteguhan hati, ketetapan<br />Tsabit = Yang tetap<br />Tsa’ir = Pemberontak<br />Tsamarun = Buah<br />Tsamin = Berharga mahal, tinggi harganya<br />Tsamud Kaum Nabi Shaleh as<br />Tsauban = Kembali berkumpul<br />Tsaqib = Jitu<br />Tsawab = Pahala<br />Tufail = Pengantara, gaya yang menarik<br />Ubadah = Sahabat nabi Muhammad SAW, tekun beribadah<br />Ubaid = Hamba, sahabat nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Ubaidan = Penyembahan<br />Ubaidullah = Hamba Allah<br />Ubbad = Banyak ibadat<br />Ujab = Keajaiban<br />Ujum = Benteng pertahanan<br />Ukasyah = Sahabat nabi Muhammad SAW, laba-laba<br />Ukail = Pintar, pandai<br />Ulil Aidi = Yang mempunyai perbuatan-perbuatan yang besar<br />Ulil Amri = Pemerintah, pemimpin, ulama<br />Ulul Albab = Orang-orang yang berakal, para cendikiawan<br />Ulul Arham = Orang-orang yang punya hubungan darah<br />Ulul Azmi = Orang-orang yang mempunyai keteguhan hati<br />Ulul Fadhli = Orang-orang yang mempunyai kelebihan<br />Ulwan = Ketinggian, tinggi, jelas<br />Umar = Yang memakmurkan<br />Umair = Maju<br />‘Umair = Nama orang dahulu<br />Umaiyah = Sahabat Nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Umran = Kemakmuran<br />Umron = Pembangunan, ramai penduduk<br />Urwah = Singa<br />Usaid = Berani, singa<br />Usaimin = Dari Uthman<br />Ushaim = Memelihara dari keburukan<br />Usyair = Kawan, suami<br />Utaibah Persimpangan lembah<br />Uthman = Rajin dan gigih<br />Utbah = Nama sahabat nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Uwais = Pemberian<br />Uwamir = Nama Orang dahulu<br />Uzair Nama sahabat nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Uzzam = Singa<br />Waazin = Pengajaran<br />Wa’adi = Janjiku<br />Wabil = Pemurah, hujan lebat<br />Wadhoh = Wajahnya bagus, kulit putih<br />Wadi, Wadi’ = Aman, tenteram, tenang<br />Wadihan = Cantik<br />Wadud = Penyayang, cinta, dicintai<br />Wafdan = Perutusan yg terhormat<br />Wafi = Sempurna<br />Wafid = Tamu<br />Wafiq = Berjaya<br />Wafir = Lengkap - banyak kebaikannya<br />Wafiuddin = Setia pada agama<br />Wafiy = Setia, jujur<br />Wafri = Kekayaanku, keluasanku<br />Wahab = Pemberian<br />Wahib = Pemberi<br />Wahid = Tunggal, sendirian<br />Wahiduddin = Terulung pada agamanya<br />Wahiduz Zaman = Terulung pada zamannya<br />Wahnan = Mudah, senang<br />Wail, Wa’il = Perteduhan, perlindungan, yang kembali (berlindung) kepada Allah<br />Waiz = Penasihat, mubaligh<br />Wajdi = Kesayanganku, cinta, gembira, kaya, kuasa<br />Wajih = Orang yang berkedudukan<br />Wajihuddin = Yang terkemuka dalam agama<br />Waldan = Anak baik<br />Wali = Kekasih, pelindung<br />Walid = Kelahiran, yang dilahirkan<br />Waliuddin = Pembela dan pemelihara agama<br />Waqar = Ketenangan dan sopan santun<br />Waqur = Ketenangan dan kesopanan<br />Waqqas = Nama sahabat nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Waqiuddin = Pemelihara agama<br />Wardi = Bunga mawarku<br />Warid = Berani<br />Waris = Pewaris<br />Washif = Punya Sifat tertentu<br />Washil = Menyambung hubungan kekeluargaan<br />Wasil = Penghubung silaturrahim<br />Wasim = Rupawan<br />Wathiq = Yang berkeyakinan<br />Wazien = Pendapat yang kukuh<br />Wazif = Yang tekun, gigih<br />Wazir = Menteri, yang berkuasa<br />Wazni = Yang menimbang secara adil<br />Widad = Cinta, cita-cita<br />Wijdan = Sanubari, hati<br />Wisam = Pertanda, bintang kehormatan, medali<br />Yaala = Kemuliaan, tinggi<br />Yaaqub = Nama nabi<br />Yaarub = Mahir bahasa arab<br />Yaasir = Orang yang mudah<br />Yafi’ = Mulia, dihormati, tinggi<br />Yahya = Nama nabi, yang hidup<br />Yajri = Mengalir, berlari<br />Yakut = Permata<br />Yamin = Yang berkat<br />Yaqzan = Yang berwaspada<br />Yaqin = Penuh keyakinan<br />Ya’rub = Berbicara dgn bahasa Arab<br />Yaasiin = Ayat pertama surat yaasiin<br />Yasin = Nama nabi<br />Yasir = Yang senang<br />Yaslam = Yang selamat, berserah<br />Yassaar = Kekayaan, kemewahan<br />Ya’sub = Pemimpin kaum<br />Yasykur = Bersyukur<br />Yatim = Yang sangat berharga, tidak bandingannya<br />Yawar = Pengawal peribadi<br />Yazdan = Belas kasihan<br />Yazid = Berkat, bertambah, lebih<br />Yunan = Nama ulama<br />Yunus = Nama nabi<br />Yusri = Kesenanganku<br />Yusron = Kemudahaan<br />Yusuf = Nama Nabi<br />Zaalan = Rajin, giat<br />Zaafarani = Harum, wangi<br />Zabad = Keharuman kasturi<br />Zabadi = Keharumanku<br />Zabarjad = Batu permata seperti zamrud<br />Zabdan = Pemberian<br />Zabidi = Yang memberi<br />Zabir = Pintar, kuat<br />Zabran = Kuat, mampu<br />Zafar = Kemenangan/kejayaan<br />Zafir = Yang berjasa<br />Zafran = Kejayaan<br />Zafri = Kemenanganku<br />Zahab = Emas<br />Zahabi = Keemasan<br />Zahar = Sangat bergemerlapan<br />Zahid, Zahidi = Yang menjauhkan diri dari kemewahan, rendah hati<br />Zahil = Yang tenang<br />Zahin = Yang cerdik<br />Zahir = Yang cantik, berseri, cemerlang, warna cerah<br />Zahirul Haq = Pendukung Hak<br />Zahiruddin = Pembela agama<br />Zahran = Bunga, Keindahan, berseri, cantik<br />Zahwan = Sedap dipandang<br />Zaid = Pertambahan, kelebihan<br />Zaidan, Zaidun, Zaidi = Tambahan, kelebihan<br />Zaim, Za’im = Pemimpin<br />Za’im Sa’id = Bertanggungjawab, bahagia<br />Za’im Ukhrowi = Pemimpin akhirat<br />Zain, Zaini, Zainun = Bagus, perhiasan, perhiasanku<br />Zainuddin = Perhiasan agama<br />Zainul Abidin = Perhiasan orang beribadat<br />Zainul Ariffin = Perhiasan orang arif<br />Zainul Muttaqin = Perhiasan orang bertakwa<br />Zaiyani = Hiasanku<br />Zakaria = Nama nabi<br />Zaki = Yang cerdik, harum, suci, tumbuh dengan baik, bersih<br />Zakir = Yang mengenang, berzikir<br />Zakur = Yang kuat ingatan<br />Zakwan = Yang cerdik, yang harum<br />Zaman = Nasib<br />Zamanat = Yang dijamin<br />Zamil = Teman, kawan<br />Zamir = Suara hati, anak kecil yang cantik<br />Zamri = Kecantikanku<br />Zamzam = Air zamzam<br />Zanjabil = Susu jahe hidangan di surga<br />Zaqhlul = Nama tokoh Mesir<br />Zar’ah = Tanaman<br />Zarif = Periang, berjenaka<br />Zawawi = Himpunan kebaikan<br />Zawwar = Banyak ziarah<br />Zawir = Ketua, pemimpin<br />Zayan = Yang cantik<br />Zayani = Kecantikanku<br />Zayyad = Semakin bertambah<br />Ziad = Nama populer orang Arab<br />Zihni = Kefahamanku, kekuatan akalku<br />Zikri = Ingatanku, kenanganku<br />Zimam = Yang utama, pemimpin<br />Ziqri = Terpuji, Yang Memuji Allah<br />Ziyad = Pertambahan, kelebihan<br />Zubaidi = Pilihanku yang terbaik<br />Zubari = Gagah perkasa, pintar<br />Zufar = Singa, pemberani, pemurah<br />Zuhair = Yang tenang, bercahaya, keindahaan<br />Zuhairi = Yang berseri<br />Zuhdi = Zuhud, rendah hati, tidak rakus dunia<br />Zuhri = Kecantikanku<br />Zuhaily = Yang tenang<br />Zuhnun = Yang cerdik<br />Zulfadhli = Yang mempunyai kelebihan<br />Zulfan = Taman<br />Zulfaqar = Nama pedang Nabi Muhammad SAW<br />Zumar = Anak kecil yang cantikCMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-527610360089095722007-09-03T19:05:00.000-07:002011-03-08T06:32:03.153-08:00COMPUTER : BANDWITH<form><input name="x" value=".0009765625" type="hidden"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Computer Converter</span></span><br /><br /><p><b>Bits:</b><br /> <input name="I" value="" size="30" maxlength="30" onchange="eval('B.value = ' + this.form.B_expr8.value);eval('K.value = ' + this.form.K_expr8.value);eval('M.value = ' + this.form.M_expr8.value);eval('G.value = ' + this.form.G_expr8.value);eval('T.value = ' + this.form.T_expr8.value);eval('P.value = ' + this.form.P_expr8.value);eval('E.value = ' + this.form.E_expr8.value);eval('Z.value = ' + this.form.Z_expr8.value);eval('Y.value = ' + this.form.Y_expr8.value);" type="text"><input name="I_expr" value="K.value / x.value * 8" type="hidden"><input name="I_expr8" value="B.value * 8" type="hidden"><input name="I_expr2" value="M.value / x.value / x.value * 8" type="hidden"><input name="I_expr3" value="G.value / x.value / x.value / x.value * 8" type="hidden"><input name="I_expr4" value="T.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value * 8" type="hidden"><input name="I_expr5" value="P.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value * 8" type="hidden"><input name="I_expr6" value="Z.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value * 8" type="hidden"><input name="I_expr7" value="Y.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value * 8" type="hidden"><input name="I_expr9" value="E.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value * 8" type="hidden"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:85%;" >8 bits = 1 byte</span></p><br /> <p><b>Bytes:</b><br /> <input name="B" value="" size="30" maxlength="30" onchange="eval('I.value = ' + this.form.I_expr8.value);eval('K.value = ' + this.form.K_expr.value);eval('M.value = ' + this.form.M_expr.value);eval('G.value = ' + this.form.G_expr.value);eval('T.value = ' + this.form.T_expr.value);eval('P.value = ' + this.form.P_expr.value);eval('E.value = ' + this.form.E_expr.value);eval('Z.value = ' + this.form.Z_expr.value);eval('Y.value = ' + this.form.Y_expr.value);" type="text"><input name="B_expr" value="K.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="B_expr8" value="I.value / 8" type="hidden"><input name="B_expr2" value="M.value / x.value / x.value " type="hidden"><input name="B_expr3" value="G.value / x.value / x.value / x.value " type="hidden"><input name="B_expr4" value="T.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value " type="hidden"><input name="B_expr5" value="P.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value " type="hidden"><input name="B_expr6" value="Z.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value " type="hidden"><input name="B_expr7" value="Y.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value " type="hidden"><input name="B_expr9" value="E.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value " type="hidden"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:85%;" >1024 bytes = 1 KB (1 to 3 digits)</span></p><br /> <p><b>Kilobytes:<br /> </b><input name="K" value="" size="30" maxlength="30" onchange="eval('I.value = ' + this.form.I_expr.value);eval('B.value = ' + this.form.B_expr.value);eval('M.value = ' + this.form.M_expr2.value);eval('G.value = ' + this.form.G_expr2.value);eval('T.value = ' + this.form.T_expr2.value);eval('P.value = ' + this.form.P_expr2.value);eval('E.value = ' + this.form.E_expr2.value);eval('Z.value = ' + this.form.Z_expr2.value);eval('Y.value = ' + this.form.Y_expr2.value);" type="text"><input name="K_expr" value="B.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="K_expr8" value="I.value * x.value / 8" type="hidden"><input name="K_expr2" value="M.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="K_expr3" value="G.value / x.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="K_expr4" value="T.value / x.value / x.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="K_expr5" value="P.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value " type="hidden"><input name="K_expr6" value="Z.value / x.value/ x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value " type="hidden"><input name="K_expr7" value="Y.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value " type="hidden"><input name="K_expr9" value="E.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value" type="hidden"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:85%;" >1024 KB = 1 MB (4 to 6 digits)</span></p><br /> <p><b>Megabytes:</b><br /> <input name="M" value="" size="30" maxlength="30" onchange="eval('I.value = ' + this.form.I_expr2.value);eval('B.value = ' + this.form.B_expr2.value);eval('K.value = ' + this.form.K_expr2.value);eval('G.value = ' + this.form.G_expr3.value);eval('T.value = ' + this.form.T_expr3.value);eval('P.value = ' + this.form.P_expr3.value);eval('E.value = ' + this.form.E_expr3.value);eval('Z.value = ' + this.form.Z_expr3.value);eval('Y.value = ' + this.form.Y_expr3.value);" type="text"><input name="M_expr" value="B.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="M_expr8" value="I.value * x.value * x.value / 8" type="hidden"><input name="M_expr2" value="K.value * x.value " type="hidden"><input name="M_expr3" value="G.value / x.value " type="hidden"><input name="M_expr4" value="T.value / x.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="M_expr5" value="P.value / x.value / x.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="M_expr6" value="Z.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="M_expr7" value="Y.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="M_expr9" value="E.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value" type="hidden"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:85%;" >1024 MB = 1 GB (7 to 9 digits)</span></p><br /> <p><b>Gigabytes:</b><br /> <input name="G" value="" size="30" maxlength="30" onchange="eval('I.value = ' + this.form.I_expr3.value);eval('B.value = ' + this.form.B_expr3.value);eval('K.value = ' + this.form.K_expr3.value);eval('M.value = ' + this.form.M_expr3.value);eval('T.value = ' + this.form.T_expr4.value);eval('P.value = ' + this.form.P_expr4.value);eval('E.value = ' + this.form.E_expr4.value);eval('Z.value = ' + this.form.Z_expr4.value);eval('Y.value = ' + this.form.Y_expr4.value);" type="text"><input name="G_expr" value="B.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="G_expr8" value="I.value * x.value * x.value * x.value / 8" type="hidden"><input name="G_expr2" value="K.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="G_expr3" value="M.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="G_expr4" value="T.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="G_expr5" value="P.value / x.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="G_expr6" value="Z.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="G_expr7" value="Y.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="G_expr9" value="E.value / x.value / x.value / x.value " type="hidden"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:85%;" >1024 GB = 1 TB (10 to 12 digits)</span></p><br /> <p><b>Terabytes:</b><br /> <input name="T" value="" size="30" maxlength="30" onchange="eval('I.value = ' + this.form.I_expr4.value);eval('B.value = ' + this.form.B_expr4.value);eval('K.value = ' + this.form.K_expr4.value);eval('M.value = ' + this.form.M_expr4.value);eval('G.value = ' + this.form.G_expr4.value);eval('P.value = ' + this.form.P_expr5.value);eval('E.value = ' + this.form.E_expr5.value);eval('Z.value = ' + this.form.Z_expr5.value);eval('Y.value = ' + this.form.Y_expr5.value);" type="text"><input name="T_expr" value="B.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="T_expr8" value="I.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value / 8" type="hidden"><input name="T_expr2" value="K.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="T_expr3" value="M.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="T_expr4" value="G.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="T_expr5" value="P.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="T_expr6" value="Z.value / x.value / x.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="T_expr7" value="Y.value / x.value / x.value / x.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="T_expr9" value="E.value/ x.value/ x.value" type="hidden"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:85%;" >1024 TB = 1 PB (13 to 15 digits)</span></p><br /> <p><b>Petabytes:</b><br /><input name="P" value="" size="30" maxlength="30" onchange="eval('I.value = ' + this.form.I_expr5.value);eval('B.value = ' + this.form.B_expr5.value);eval('K.value = ' + this.form.K_expr5.value);eval('M.value = ' + this.form.M_expr5.value);eval('G.value = ' + this.form.G_expr5.value);eval('T.value = ' + this.form.T_expr5.value);eval('E.value = ' + this.form.E_expr6.value);eval('Z.value = ' + this.form.Z_expr6.value);eval('Y.value = ' + this.form.Y_expr6.value);" type="text"><input name="P_expr" value="B.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="P_expr8" value="I.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value / 8" type="hidden"><input name="P_expr2" value="K.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="P_expr3" value="M.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="P_expr4" value="G.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="P_expr5" value="T.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="P_expr6" value="Z.value / x.value/ x.value" type="hidden"><input name="P_expr7" value="Y.value / x.value/ x.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="P_expr9" value="E.value / x.value " type="hidden"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:85%;" >1024 PB = 1 EB (16 to 18 digits)</span></p><br /> <p><b>Exabytes:</b><br /><input name="E" value="" size="30" maxlength="30" onchange="eval('I.value = ' + this.form.I_expr9.value);eval('B.value = ' + this.form.B_expr9.value);eval('K.value = ' + this.form.K_expr9.value);eval('M.value = ' + this.form.M_expr9.value);eval('G.value = ' + this.form.G_expr9.value);eval('T.value = ' + this.form.T_expr9.value);eval('P.value = ' + this.form.P_expr9.value);eval('Z.value = ' + this.form.Z_expr9.value);eval('Y.value = ' + this.form.Y_expr9.value);" type="text"><input name="E_expr" value="B.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="E_expr8" value="I.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * 8" type="hidden"><input name="E_expr2" value="K.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value " type="hidden"><input name="E_expr3" value="M.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value " type="hidden"><input name="E_expr4" value="G.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="E_expr5" value="T.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="E_expr6" value="P.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="E_expr7" value="Z.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="E_expr9" value="Y.value / x.value / x.value" type="hidden"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:85%;" >1024 EB = 1 ZB (19 to 21 digits)</span> </p><br /> <p><b>Zettabytes:</b><br /> <input name="Z" value="" size="30" maxlength="30" onchange="eval('I.value = ' + this.form.I_expr6.value);eval('B.value = ' + this.form.B_expr6.value);eval('K.value = ' + this.form.K_expr6.value);eval('M.value = ' + this.form.M_expr6.value);eval('G.value = ' + this.form.G_expr6.value);eval('T.value = ' + this.form.T_expr6.value);eval('P.value = ' + this.form.P_expr6.value);eval('E.value = ' + this.form.E_expr6.value);eval('Y.value = ' + this.form.Y_expr7.value);" type="text"><input name="Z_expr" value="B.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="Z_expr8" value="I.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * 8" type="hidden"><input name="Z_expr2" value="K.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="Z_expr3" value="M.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="Z_expr4" value="G.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="Z_expr5" value="T.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="Z_expr6" value="P.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="Z_expr7" value="Y.value / x.value" type="hidden"><input name="Z_expr9" value="E.value * x.value " type="hidden"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:85%;" >1024 ZB = 1 YB (22 to 24 digits)</span> </p><br /> <p><b>Yottabytes:</b><br /> <input name="Y" value="" maxlength="30" onchange="eval('I.value = ' + this.form.I_expr7.value);eval('B.value = ' + this.form.B_expr7.value);eval('K.value = ' + this.form.K_expr7.value);eval('M.value = ' + this.form.M_expr7.value);eval('G.value = ' + this.form.G_expr7.value);eval('T.value = ' + this.form.T_expr7.value);eval('P.value = ' + this.form.P_expr7.value);eval('E.value = ' + this.form.E_expr9.value);eval('Z.value = ' + this.form.Z_expr7.value);" type="text" style="font-size:30;"><input name="Y_expr" value="B.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="Y_expr8" value="I.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * 8" type="hidden"><input name="Y_expr2" value="K.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="Y_expr3" value="M.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="Y_expr4" value="G.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="Y_expr5" value="T.value * x.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="Y_expr6" value="P.value * x.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="Y_expr7" value="Z.value * x.value" type="hidden"><input name="Y_expr9" value="E.value * x.value * x.value" type="hidden"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:85%;" >more than enough... (25 to 27 digits)</span> </p><br /><br /><input name="Action" value="Calculate" type="button"><br /><input name="Reset" value="Clear Values" type="reset"><br /><br /></form>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-21010864930424563222007-09-01T17:30:00.000-07:002011-03-08T06:32:03.172-08:00Kata - Kata Hikmah<div style="text-align: justify;">1) Jangan sekali-kali kita meremehkan sesuatu perbuatan baik walaupun hanya sekadar senyuman.<br /><br />2) Dunia ini umpama lautan yg luas. Kita adalah kapal yg belayar dilautan telah ramai kapal karam didalamnya.. andai muatan kita adalah iman, dan layarnya takwa, nescaya kita akan selamat dari tersesat di lautan hidup ini.<br /><br />3) Hidup tak selalunya indah tapi yang indah itu tetap hidup dalam kenangan.<br /><br />4) Setiap yang kita lakukan biarlah jujur kerana kejujuran itu telalu penting dalam sebuah kehidupan. Tanpa kejujuran hidup sentiasa menjadi mainan orang.<br /><br />5) Hati yg terluka umpama besi bengkok walau diketuk sukar kembali kepada bentuk asalnya.<br /><br />6) Dalam kerendahan hati ada ketinggian budi. Dalam kemiskinan harta ada kekayaan jiwa. Dalam kesempitan hidup ada kekuasaan ilmu.<br /><br />7) Ikhlaslah menjadi diri sendiri agar hidup penuh dengan ketenangan dan keamanan. Hidup tanpa pegangan ibarat buih-buih sabun. Bila-bila masa ia akan pecah.<br /><br />8) Kegagalan dalam kemuliaan lebih baik daripada kejayaan dalam kehinaan. Memberi sedikit dengan ikhlas pula lebih mulia dari memberi dengan banyak tapi diiringi dengan riak.<br /><br />9) Tidak ada insan suci yang tidak mempunyai masa lampau dan tidak ada insan yang berdosa yang tidak mempunyai masa depan.<br /><br />10) Kata-kata yang lembut dapat melembutkan hati yang lebih keras dari batu.Tetapi kata-kata yang kasar dapat mengasarkan hati yang lunak seperti sutera.<br /><br />11) Lidah yang panjangnya tiga inci boleh membunuh manusia yang tingginya enam kaki.<br /><br />12) Agama tidak pernah mengecewakan manusia. Tetapi manusia yang selalu mengecewakan agama.<br /><br />13) Nafsu mengatakan perempuan itu cantik atas dasar rupanya. Akal mengatakan perempuan itu cantik atas dasar ilmu dan kepintarannya. Dan hati mengatakan perempuan itu cantik atas dasar akhlaknya.<br /><br />14) Keikhlasan itu umpama seekor semut hitam di atas batu yang hitam di malam yang amat kelam. Ianya wujud tapi amat sukar dilihat.<br /><br />15) Hidup memerlukan pengorbananan. Pengorbanan memerlukan perjuangan. Perjuangan memerlukan ketabahan. Ketabahan memerlukan keyakinan.Keyakinan pula menentukan kejayaan. Kejayaan pula akan menentukan kebahagiaan.<br /><br />16) Seseorang yang bijak melahirkan kata-kata selalunya disanjung sehingga ia mula bercakap kosong<br /><br />17) Harta akan habis digunakan tanpa ilmu tetapi sebaliknya ilmu akan berkembang jika ianya digunakan.<br /><br />18) Kekayaan bukanlah satu dosa dan kecantikan bukanlah satu kesalahan. Oleh itu jika anda memiliki kedua-duanya janganlah anda lupa pada Yang Maha Berkuasa.<br /><br />19) Sahabat yang tidak jujur ibarat dapur yang berhampiran. Jikalau pun kamu tidak terkena jelaganya sudah pasti akan terkena asapnya.<br /><br />20) Mengapa manusia gemar mencetuskan pertelingkahan sedangkan manusia itu sendiri dilahirkan dari sebuah kemesraan.<br /><br />21) Kita sentiasa muda untuk melakukan dosa tetapi tidak pernah tua untuk bertaubat.<br /><br />22) Gantungkan azam dan semangatmu setinggi bintang di langit dan rendahkan hatimu serendah mutiara di lautan.<br /><br />23) Setiap mata yang tertutup belum bererti ia tidur. Setiap mata terbuka belum bererti ia melihat.<br /><br />24) Jadikan dirimu bagai pohon yang rendang di mana insan dapat berteduh.Jangan seperti pohon kering tempat sang pungguk melepas rindu dan hanya layak dibuat kayu api.<br /><br />25) Menulis sepuluh jilid buku mengenai falsafah lebih mudah daripada melaksanakan sepotong pesanan.<br /><br />26) Jangan menghina barang yang kecil kerana jarum yang kecil itu kadang-kadang menumpahkan darah.<br /><br />27) Kegembiraan ibarat semburan pewangi, pabila kita memakainya semua akan dapat merasa keharumannya. Oleh itu berikanlah walau secebis kegembiraan yang anda miliki itu kepada teman anda.<br /><br />28) Esok pasti ada tetapi esok belum pasti untuk kita. Beringat-ingatlah untuk menghadapi esok yang pastikan mendatang.<br /><br />29) Reaksi emosi jangan dituruti kerana implikasinya tidak seperti yang diimaginasi .<br /><br />30) Sahabat yang beriman ibarat mentari yang menyinar. Sahabat yang setia bagai pewangi yang mengharumkan. Sahabat sejati menjadi pendorong impian. Sahabat berhati mulia membawa kita ke jalan Allah.<br /><br />31) Orang yang bahagia itu akan selalu menyediakan waktu untuk membaca kerana membaca itu sumber hikmah menyediakan waktu tertawa kerana tertawa itu muziknya jiwa, menyediakan waktu untuk berfikir kerana berfikir itu pokok kemajuan, menyediakan waktu untuk beramal kerana beramal itu pangkal kejayaan, menyediakan waktu untuk bersenda kerana bersenda itu akan membuat muda selalu dan menyediakan waktu beribadat kerana beribadat itu adalah ibu dari segala ketenangan jiwa.<br /><br />32) Penglihatan itu sebagai panah iblis yang berbisa, maka siapa yang mengelakkannya kerana takut padaKu, maka Aku akan menggantikannya dengan iman yang dirasakan manisnya dalam hati...<br /><br />33) "Wanita yang cantik tanpa peribadi yang mulia, umpama kaca mata yang bersinar-bersinar, tetapi tidak melihat apa-apa"<br /><br />34) "Kekecewaan mengajar kita erti kehidupan. Teruskan perjuangan kita walaupun terpaksa menghadapi rintangan demi rintangan dalam hidup"<br /><br />35) Tanda Orang Bijaksana Ialah Hatinya Selalu Berniat Suci; Lidahnya Selalu Basah Dengan Zikrullah; Matanya Menangis Kerana Penyesalan (Terhadap Dosa);Sabar Terhadap Perkara Yang Dihadapi Dan Mengutamakan Akhirat Berbanding Dunia.<br /><br />36) Jika kejahatan di balas kejahatan, maka itu adalah dendam. Jika kebaikan dibalas kebaikan itu adalah perkara biasa. Jika kebaikan dibalas kejahatan,itu adalah zalim. Tapi jika kejahatan dibalas kebaikan, itu adalah mulia dan terpuji."<br /><br />37) "Hidup umpama aiskrim. Nikmatilah ia sebelum cair"<br /><br />38) "Kata-kata itu sebenarnya tidak mempunyai makna utk menjelaskan perasaan. Manusia boleh membentuk seribu kata-kata, seribu bahasa. Tapi kata-kata bukan bukti unggulnya perasaan"<br /><br />39) "Hidup tidak boleh berpandukan perasaan hati yg kadangkala boleh menjahanamkan diri sendiri. Perkara utama harus kita fikirkan ialah menerima sesuatu atau membuat sesuatu dgn baik berlandaskan kenyataan"<br /><br />40) "Hidup adalah gabungan antara bahagia dan derita. Ia adalah menguji keteguhan iman seseorang. Malangnya bagi mereka yg hanya mengikut kehendak hati tidak sanggup menerima penderitaan.<br /><br />41) Hadiah Terbaik : Kepada kawan - Kesetiaan | Kepada musuh - Kemaafan | Kepada ketua - Khidmat | Kepada yang muda - Contoh terbaik | Kepada yang tua - Hargai budi mereka dan kesetiaan. | Kepada pasangan - Cinta dan ketaatan | Kepada manusia - Kebebasan<br /><br />42) "Berfikir secara rasional tanpa dipengaruhi oleh naluri atau emosi merupakan satu cara menyelesaikan masalah yg paling berkesan"<br /><br />43) "Hiduplah seperti lilin menerangi orang lain, janganlah hidup seperti duri mencucuk diri dan menyakiti orang lain."<br /><br />44) "Dunia ini ibarat pentas. Kita adalah pelakonnya. Maka berlumba-lumbalah beramal supaya hidup bahagia di dunia dan akhirat"<br /><br />45) "Akal itu menteri yang menasihati, Hati itu ialah raja yang menentukan,Harta itu satu tamu yang akan berangkat, kesenangan itu satu masa yang ditinggalkan".<br /><br />46) "Selemah-lemah manusia ialah orang yg tak boleh mencari sahabat dan orang yang lebih lemah dari itu ialah orang yg mensia-siakan sahabat yg telah dicari"<br /><br />47) "Cakap sahabat yg jujur lebih besar harganya daripada harta benda yg diwarisi dari nenek moyang"<br /><br />48) "Ingatlah, sabar itu iman, duit bukan kawan, dunia hanya pinjaman dan mati tak ber teman.."<br /><br />49) "Lidahmu adalah bentengmu, jika e***** menjaganya maka ia akan menjagamu, dan jika e***** membiarkannya maka ia tidak akan mempedulikanmu"<br /><br />50) "Orang yg paling berkuasa adalah orang yg dapat menguasai dirinya sendiri"<br /><br />51) "Seseorang menganggap sekatan sebagai batu penghalang, Sedangkan orang lain menganggapnya sebagai batu lonjatan."<br /><br />52) "Kalau kita melakukan semua yang kita upaya lakukan, sesungguhnya kita akan terkejut dengan hasilnya."<br /><br />53) "Kita selalu lupa atau jarang ingat apa yang kita miliki, tetapi kita sering kali ingat apa yang ora ng lain ada."<br /><br />54) "Apa yang diperolehi dalam hidup ini, adalah sepenuhnya daripada apa yang kita berikan padanya."<br /><br />55) "Fikirkan hal-hal yang paling hebat, Dan e***** akan menjadi terhebat. Tetapkan akal pada hal tertinggi, Dan e***** akan mencapai yang tertinggi."<br /><br />56) "Dunia ini tiada jaminan melainkan satu peluang."<br /><br />57) "Kehidupan kita di dunia ini tidak menjanjikan satu jaminan yang berkekalan. Apa yang ada hanyalah percubaan, cabaran dan pelbagai peluang.Jaminan yang kekal abadi hanya dapat ditemui apabila kita kembali semula ke pada Ilahi."<br /><br />58) "Rahsia kejayaan hidup adalah persediaan manusia untuk menyambut kesempatan yang menjelma."<br /><br />59) "Kekuatan tidak datang dari kemampuan fizikal,tetapi ianya datang dari semangat yang tidak pernah mengalah."<br /><br />60) "Mengetahui perkara yang betul tidak memadai dan bermakna jika tidak melakukan perkara yang betul."<br /><br />61) "Kecemerlangan adalah hasil daripada sikap yang ingin sentiasa melakukan yang terbaik."<br /><br />62) "Jadikan sebagai aturan hidup untuk melakukan yang terbaik dalam apa jua yang dilakukan, pasti akan menghasil kecemerlangan</div>CMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6728307749433968906.post-20128434134828234932006-10-12T20:43:00.000-07:002011-03-08T06:32:03.190-08:00DIARIKU :: JIWAKU ADA KAMUDalam saya ade awak<br />Hari tu kita gaduh.<br />Saya main-main.<br />Awk ingat betul-betul<br />Tak tau nk buat mcmana lg<br />Lantak awk lah<br /><br />Semlm kita berselisih..<br />Saya buat dunno<br />Awak pandang saya<br />Saya buat dunno jugak<br />Degilnyer saya..<br /><br />Saya nmpk awak<br />Saya nk panggil<br />Tapi awak x toleh<br />Sebab saya panggil awak dalam hati<br />Bodohnya saya..<br /><br />Awak tegur saya<br />Saya buat dunno<br />Tapi awak xtahu happynya saya<br />Saya dengar awak cerita<br />Awak kata dah jatuh cinta<br />Sedihnyer saya<br /><br />Awak keluar tgk wayang<br />Saya pun<br />Awak keluar dengan dia<br />Saya tengok aje<br /><br />Awak call saya<br />Mengacau betul.tgh tido lah<br />Saya layankan aje<br />Awak ckp awak dah putus<br />Saya senyum sampai ke telinga<br />Tapi awak tak nampak<br />Saya cakap..<br />Kesiannya awak..<br />Hipokritnya saya<br /><br />Hari ni hari jadi saya<br />Tapi awak luper<br />Saya sedih.<br />Tapi takpe.awak bukannya sesiapa<br />Awak mintak maaf<br />Saya senyum aje<br />Saya kata tak kisah<br />Awak belanja tgk national treasure<br />Ishh..tak romantik nyer<br />Tapi best per<br /><br />Saya dapat bunga<br />Cantik...suker sgt<br />Tapi tak tahu sape pengirimnya<br />Awak nampak<br />Awak terus balik<br /><br />Saya panggil awak<br />Tapi awak tak toleh<br />Saya Cuma nak bgtahu<br />Awak.!!!!!LORI!!!!!!!!!<br /><br />Saya kejar awak<br />Awak terus jalan<br />Saya tolak awak.<br />Awak jatuh.<br /><br />Saya nampak lori<br />Betul-betul depan saya<br />Kalau ia sempat<br />Saya nak bagitahu.<br />Awak..SAYA SAYANG AWAKCMivechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10275954238998384011noreply@blogger.com0